The Modern Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
Jiangnan Zhu ◽  
Nikolai Mukhin
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Leadership Succession ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Elder Leaders ◽  
Power Transitions

Extant literature has shown the importance of routinized leadership succession for authoritarian resilience. However, the factors leading to orderly power transitions in autocracies are unclear. This article argues that an orderly succession requires relatively peaceful exit of the incumbent. Through a comparison of the power transition trajectories of the post-Stalin USSR and China in the Age of Deng Xiaoping, this article proposes three conditions that facilitate the voluntary retirement of dictators, including their strong political will to institutionalize successions, adequate capacity to initiate the plan, and reliable retirement packages. Meeting all three conditions, leadership succession in China has resulted in the emergence of the “modern regency” in which the elder leaders can retire relatively voluntarily and continuously influence the politics of a regime after their retirement, especially by proactively supervising future leadership successions. In contrast, without meeting the initial requirements for a dictator’s exit, the case of leadership succession in the USSR is characterized as parallel succession, which includes neither a credible plan on routinization of elite politics nor simultaneous coexistence of the elder leaders and the younger cohort as in the case of China. Moreover, during similar regime crises in the late 1980s, the arrangement of the modern regency helped prolong the authoritarian regime in China, while the USSR collapsed without this safeguard.

The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Murray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Peaceful Rise ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Struggle For Recognition ◽  
Power Transitions

How can established powers manage the peaceful rise of new great powers? With The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, the author offers a new answer to this perennial question in international relations, arguing that power transitions are principally social phenomena whereby rising powers struggle to obtain recognition of their identity as a great power. At the center of great power identity formation is the acquisition of particular symbolic capabilities—such as battlesheips, aircraft carriers, or nuclear weapons—that are representative of great power status and that allow rising powers to experience their uncertain social status as a brute fact. When a rising power is recognized, this power acquisition is considered legitimate and its status in the international order secured, leading to a peaceful power transition. If a rising power is misrecognized, its assertive foreign policy is perceived to be for revisionist purposes, which must be contained by the established powers. Revisionism—rather than the product of a material power structure that encourages aggression or domestic political struggles—is a social construct that emerges through a rising power’s social interactions with the established powers as it attempts to gain recognition of its identity. The question of peaceful power transition has taken on increased salience in recent years with the emergence of China as an economic and military rival of the United States. Highlighting the social dynamics of power transitions, this book offers a powerful new framework through which to understand the rise of China and how the United States can facilitate its peaceful rise.

scholarly journals LEMBAGA KEKHALIFAHAN SEBAGAI SATU INSTITUSI POLITIK

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Room Fitrianto
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Succession ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Interesting Issue ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Interesting Study ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Power Transitions

The issue of leadership succession has always been an interesting issue of all time. Beside the emergence of the issue of succession and power struggles, the problems of empowering the people and sustaining the civilization are also one of the keys of power transitions. One of the most widely known leadership succession in history is the successions that happened after the death of the Prophet Muhammad saw. This episode  was responded variously by many parties of that time. However, Abu Bakar as. came up with an awareness that the death of the Prophet Muhammad saw was not the end of anything. There is a huge responsibility to continue the islamic civilization that has been built by the Prophet Muhammad saw. Therefore, the caliphate system was developed and established. At the time of Umar as, the caliphate system was enhanced with the establishment of the Shura Council. Dynamic development of the caliphate system has become an interesting study recently. The system was built based on the divine prophetic system. It was then adopted into a system that puts its main concerns for the society. After some time, the system was degraded by the worldly interests of the Umayyad family who turned it into a monarchy system. However, the development of this system through periods can be analyze in order to gain some valuable lessons for the modern leaderships.

Power, Policy and Elite Politics under Zhao Ziyang

2010 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 708-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred L. Chan
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
The State ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
20Th Anniversary ◽  
General Secretary

Heir apparent to Deng Xiaoping but illegally deposed as general secretary, Zhao Ziyang was held under house arrest after the Tiananmen events of 1989 until his death at 85 in 2005. A three-year special investigation to prove that Zhao “supported turmoil and split the party” simply fizzled out. In 2000, after many failed attempts to regain his freedom and to reverse the verdicts against the students and himself, he secretly recorded his memoirs for posterity. Gaige licheng, a transcript of about 30 cassette-tapes, was smuggled out of China and, together with an English translation entitled Prisoner of the State: The Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, published on the eve of the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen crackdown in June 2009.

scholarly journals Broadening Nigeria’s Revenue Base: Exploring Blue Economy Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Abubakar Umar Farouk ◽  
Rabiu Saminu Jibril ◽  
Zaharaddeen Salisu Maigoshi ◽  
Tijjani Habibu Ahamad ◽  
Muktar Musa Bako
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Issues ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Blue Economy ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The study explores appropriate mechanism for diversifying Nigeria’s revenue to tap from the opportunities offered by the blue economy. The study conceptually reviewed extant literature as a basis for acquiring an in depth understanding of the phenomenon with a view to offer practical recommendations on the issue. The study discovered that blue economy has the potential of augmenting government revenue if the financial and environmental issues bedeviling the development of the sector are properly addressed. Thus, the study recommends political will and strong institutions for effective running and implementation of blue economy strategies in the nation based on the existing international standards. It also suggested that, to boost revenue from blue economy, Area-based Management needs to be established.

scholarly journals Jinghan Zeng, The Chinese Communist Party's Capacity to Rule: Ideology, Legitimacy, and Cohesion

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Leadership Succession ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Chinese Public ◽  
Previous Scholarship

The complex relation between the Chinese Communist Party’s ideology, legitimacy, and capacity to rule has been under-researched. In The Chinese Communist Party’s Capacity to Rule: Ideology, Legitimacy, and Cohesion, Dr. Jinghan Zeng notes that previous scholarship on the legitimacy of the Chinese authoritarian regime focuses primarily on government performance and pays insufficient attention to ideology. In fact, most current literature on this issue propound a rather narrow understanding of ideology as a formal system of belief and thus consider the problem of ideology to be obsolete in the study of contemporary Chinese public administration. The book challenges such conventional understanding. It approaches the concept of ideology in terms of a prevailing political discourse, which provides a source of legitimacy and justifies cohesion. Moreover, it seeks to answer the question of how the Communist Party maintains its rule by studying two crucial strategies: ideological adaptation and institutionalization of leadership succession. The author argues that ideology, broadly understood, not only influences the construction of popular legitimacy, but also plays a crucial role in maintaining the internal stability of the ruling elite. Together they contribute to the “survival” of the Chinese authoritarian regime.

China moves towards presidential-style leadership

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Leadership Succession ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Leadership Transitions ◽  
Presidential Style

Subject Elite politics in China. Significance The Communist Party's 'Sixth Plenum' meeting in October focused on how President Xi Jinping controls the party bureaucracy and how central government controls local government. Xi's appointment as 'core leader' suggests further shifts away from consensus-based cabinet governance towards a presidential style. Impacts Established party rules of leadership succession, which regulate factional conflict among hundreds of senior officials, will be corroded. Future leadership transitions may be contested by a larger and older group of officials. More intense politics may distract the party from the business of government. There is some evidence of dissonance in the party regarding these changes but this does not threaten Xi's position.

Power Transitions and Great Power War from Westphalia to Waterloo

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woosang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stability Theory ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Transition Theory ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Power Transition Theory ◽  
Hegemonic Stability ◽  
Empirical Record ◽  
Power Transitions

This study extends recent research on the power transition and hegemonic stability theory to the preindustrial era. It improves on the original power transition theory by relaxing an assumption and by extending the empirical domain. Unlike the original power transition theory, the revised version is not restricted to the period after the industrial revolution and can therefore be applied to the preindustrial era. This study examines the empirical record prior to the industrial revolution to see whether the power transition and hegemonic stability theory holds for that period. The data for 1648 to 1815 indicate strong support for the power transition contention that a rough equality of power between rival sides increases the likelihood of war. That is, when the challenging great power, with its allies' support, catches up with the dominant power, great power war is most likely.

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