scholarly journals Identifying The Common Type of Spelling Error by Leveraging Levenshtein Distance and N-gram

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Margareta Hardiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Spelling Error ◽  
Levenshtein Distance ◽  
Correct Word ◽  
The Common ◽  
N Gram

A spelling error commonly occurs during document writing. It probably happens due to the authors’ vocabulary incompetence or they may strike the improper key in the keyboard. The types of errors that mostly appear such as insertion of an extra letter, deletion of one letter, substitution of one letter, or transposition of two adjacent letters. This study aims to identify the common type of spelling error and it uses the list of common misspelling words submitted by Wikipedia contributors.A brief overview of Levenshtein and N-gram distance techniques is provided to describe the technical approaches that support the author to achieve the purpose of this study.Those two techniques are utilised to predict the correct word of misspellings from the English dictionary.This study shows that Levenshtein works well to correct substitution single letter and transposition two sequenced letters, while N-gram operates effectively to fix the word with letter omission.The overall result is then evaluated by recall measurement to see which technique that works well on correcting the misspellings. Since the recall of Levenshtein is higher than N-gram, it is concluded that the frequency of misspelling words which are correctly fixed by Levenshteinoccurs more often.

Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esvet Mutlu ◽  
Allison J. Wroe ◽  
Karla Sanchez-Hurtado ◽  
Jon S. Brazier ◽  
Ian R. Poxton
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
The Common ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Clostridium difficile isolates (n=149) collected in south-east Scotland between August and October 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. The aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. Ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n=113, 75.8 %), followed by ribotype 106 (12 isolates, 8.1 %). The majority of the isolates (96.6 %, n=144) were of toxinotype 0, with two toxinotype V isolates and single isolates of toxinotypes I, IV and XIII. PCR and restriction analysis of the fliC gene from 147 isolates gave two restriction patterns: 145 of pattern VII and two of pattern I. Binary toxin genes were detected in only three isolates: two isolates of ribotype 126, toxinotype V, and one isolate of ribotype 023, toxinotype IV. S-types showed more variation, with 64.5 % (n=40) of the common S-type (4939) and 21 % (n=13) of S-type 4741, with six other S-types (one to three isolates each). All ribotype 001 isolates were of the same S-type (4939), with three isolates of other ribotypes being this S-type. No resistance was found to metronidazole or vancomycin, with resistance to tetracycline only found in 4.3 % of the isolates. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to clindamycin (62.9 %), moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone (both 87.1 %) and erythromycin (94.8 %). Resistance to three antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone) was seen in 66 isolates, with erythromycin, ceftriaxone and moxifloxacin resistance seen in 96 isolates. Resistance to all four of these antibiotics was found in 62 isolates and resistance to five (the above plus tetracycline) in one isolate: a ribotype 001, toxinotype 0 strain. Whilst ribotype 001 was the most commonly encountered type, there was no evidence of clonal relationships when all other typing and antibiotic resistance patterns were taken into account.

Risks of Using Statistical Analysis Tools in Project Management Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Brian J. Galli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Analysis Tools ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to examine the risks of using statistical tools in a project basis. A systematic search of certain academic databases has been conducted for this study. Statistical tools could be used in a project, and they should be properly planned and designed. Statistical tools include major activities, such as collecting and analyzing data, providing meaningful interpretation, and reporting findings. When dealing with statistical tools, there are several risks that may exist and impact the project either positively or negatively. This study covers a brief outline of the risk management, statistical tools, and the relationship between the two concepts. Finally, a discussion of the common type of risks that are initiated by using statistical analysis tools are provided, which could be planned, identified, and analyzed in the early stages of the project.

scholarly journals First visualization of cholinergic cells and fibers by immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase of the common type in the optic lobe and peduncle complex ofOctopus vulgaris

2008 ◽  
Vol 509 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana D'Este ◽  
Shin Kimura ◽  
Arianna Casini ◽  
Akinori Matsuo ◽  
Jean-Pierre Bellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Common Type ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Combining ability of corn inbreds – carriers of mutations Su1 and Su2 on the content of oleic acid glycerides

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
D. S. Tymchuk ◽  
G.S. Potapenko ◽  
N.F. Tymchuk ◽  
I.K. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Corn Breeding ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Mutant Genes

Aim. Evaluation of donors’ properties of corn inbreds - carriers of endospermic mutations su1 and su2 on the oleates content. Methods. A series of hybrids obtained in top- crosses of 10 inbreds of the common type with four testers – low-oleic and high-oleic inbreds of the common type and inbreds – carriers of the su1 and su2 mutations were analyzed. Oleates’s content was determined by the gas chromatographic method. Results. The highest effects of the general combining ability were shown by the inbreds obtained from high-oil synthetics and the inbreds - carriers the su1 and su2 mutations. Hybrids of low-oleic inbreds with the sources of su1 and su2 mutations had an increased content of oleates in comparison with maternal forms, and hybrids of high-oleic inbreds with the sources of these mutations inherited the oleates content in an intermediate type. In F2 hybrids from crosses of inbreds of the common type with the inbreds - carriers of the su1 and su2 mutations, transgressions were observed. Conclusions. The increased content of oleates in corn inbreds inbreds and hybrids is most likely controlled by oleate - coding loci of chromosome 4 and 6 linked to mutant genes su1 and su2. The carriers of these genes can be used as sources of increased oleate content in the corn breeding for oil quality. Key words: Zea mays L., endospermic mutants, oleates content, top-crosses

scholarly journals An Analysis of Students’ Spelling Errors in Writing at the 8th grade of SMPN 2 Kamang Magek

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-429
Author(s):  
Indah Paramitha ◽  
Syahrul
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
First Language ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Spelling Error ◽  
Spelling Errors ◽  
Correct Spelling ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Students First ◽  
Written Form

The aim of the research was to find out students’ spelling errors and the causes of spelling errors in writing. Writing spelling correctly is important in order to not make misunderstanding for the reader and writer. In field, researcher found some problem at related to students’ spelling errors. Most of students were not interested when they wrote spell correctly. Then, most of students were doubt in the letter that have same sound. The last was most of students often wrote Indonesian spelling in writing English that have similiar sound. The purposes of this research based on three research questions were to find out the kinds of error in spelling, the most common spelling error, and the causes of spelling error were made by students in writing. In this research, the researcher used mix method research by using descriptive design. The mix method was the combination of qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative research was used to answer the kind of students’ spelling error in writing and most common of error in writing. Qualitative research was used to know the causes of students’ spelling error in writing. The informants of this research was the students of VIII-1 class in SMP N 2 Kamang Magek. The total was 22 students. The data was got through documentation and interview. Documentation was used to get quantitative data and interview was used to get qualitative data. The researcher asked the students’ writing to the teacher as a documentation. The interview was done directly and indirectly because of the pandemi. The result of the research showed that there were 184 spelling errors from 22 students. There were nine kinds of spelling error such as omission of letter, addition of letter, single letter instead of double letter, double letter instead of single letter, substitution of letter, interchange of two  adjacent of letter, involving an apostrophe, multiple error. Therefore, the most common spelling error was substitution of letter which students changed letter incorrectly with 35,3% percentage. Moreover, there were some reasons why the students of SMP N 2 Kamang Magek made spelling error. The first was the difficulties between spoken and written form in English, it made students were not able to remember the spelling. Second was most of students were influenced by students’ first language when they wrote spelling. The last was lack of students’ desire to write correct spelling.

Albumin polymorphism in British cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Spooner ◽  
R. A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Isles ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYA survey of albumin polymorphism in the major breeds of cattle in the British Isles is described. Four and probably five alleles have been found. AlbA is the common type in all breeds. AlbB occurs with less than 1 % frequency in all breeds except Sussex and Charolais, where it has a frequency of 12% and 16% respectively. The possible implications of this finding are discussed. The other alleles AlbC(Ed) and AlbD are extremely rare, and are confined to a few animals each within one breed. AlbG has been tentatively proposed as the name for a new albumin type.

scholarly journals Characteristics of hospitalised patients with influenza in 2015–2016 in northern Israel: three circulating strains and continued fear of 2009 A/H1N1

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Kalish ◽  
Dan Miron ◽  
Maya Azrad ◽  
Hagai Rechnitzer ◽  
Hila Ben-Amram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Common

Abstract This study aimed to characterise children and adults diagnosed with influenza who were admitted to three medical centres in northern Israel in the winter of 2015–2016, a unique season due to infection with three types of influenza strains: A/H1N1, A/non-H1N1 and B. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Influenza A/H1N1 infected mainly adults (61% vs. 16% in children, P < 0.001) while influenza B was the common type in children (54% vs. 28% in adults, P < 0.001). Adults (36% vs. 5% in children, P < 0.001) and patients infected with A/H1N1 had higher rates of pneumonia (34% vs. 16% and 14% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively, P = 0.002). Treatment with oseltamivir was prescribed to 90% of patients; adults had higher rates of treatment (96% vs. 84% in children, P = 0.002) as well as patients infected with A/H1N1 (96% vs. 86% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively, P = 0.04). Oseltamivir was given after a mean of 3.6 days of symptoms. Preferential infection of adults by A/H1N1 was evident in Israel in 2015–2016; pneumonia rates were higher in adults and in A/H1N1-infected patients. Oseltamivir was prescribed to most patients but especially to those infected with A/H1N1, and was given relatively late in the course of the disease.

scholarly journals How much, if anything, do we know about sperm chromosomes of Robertsonian translocation carriers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
pp. 4765-4785
Author(s):  
Ewa Wiland ◽  
Marta Olszewska ◽  
Tomasz Woźniak ◽  
Maciej Kurpisz
Keyword(s):  
Robertsonian Translocation ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Robertsonian Translocations ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sperm Chromosomes

Abstract In men with oligozoospermia, Robertsonian translocations (RobTs) are the most common type of autosomal aberrations. The most commonly occurring types are rob(13;14) and rob(14;21), and other types of RobTs are described as ‘rare’ cases. Based on molecular research, all RobTs can be broadly classified into Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 translocations produce the same breakpoints within their RobT type, but Class 2 translocations are predicted to form during meiosis or mitosis through a variety of mechanisms, resulting in variation in the breakpoint locations. This review seeks to analyse the available data addressing the question of whether the molecular classification of RobTs into Classes 1 and 2 and/or the type of DD/GG/DG symmetry of the involved chromosomes is reflected in the efficiency of spermatogenesis. The lowest frequency value calculated for the rate of alternate segregants was found for rob(13;15) carriers (Class 2, symmetry DD) and the highest for rob(13;21) carriers (Class 2, DG symmetry). The aneuploidy values for the rare RobT (Class 2) and common rob(14;21) (Class 1) groups together exhibited similarities while differing from those for the common rob(13;14) (Class 1) group. Considering the division of RobT carriers into those with normozoospermia and those with oligoasthenozoospermia, it was found that the number of carriers with elevated levels of aneuploidy was unexpectedly quite similar and high (approx. 70%) in the two subgroups. The reason(s) that the same RobT does not always show a similar destructive effect on fertility was also pointed out.

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