PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING GESTATION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Post Partum Period

ABSTRACT Peripheral plasma levels of oestrogens1), progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were measured during normal pregnancy in seven rhesus monkeys. The plasma concentrations of oestrogens ranged between 200 and 1300 pg/ml throughout the gestation period. Increases in the levels of oestrogens in plasma occurred several days before parturition. The plasma concentrations of progesterone ranged between 0.5 and 22 ng/ml during pregnancy. The concentrations of oestrogens decreased dramatically after parturition and remained low during the post-partum period. The concentration of progesterone decreased after parturition, but did not reach follicular phase levels during the period observed. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were low throughout the gestation period and during the post-partum period.

PATTERNS OF CIRCULATING OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE DURING PREGNANCY IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Post Partum Period ◽  
Time Courses

ABSTRACT The maternal peripheral plasma levels of oestrone (E1)*, oestradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P) were determined by RIA during pregnancy in 8 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Of special interest were the time courses and the inter-relationships of these steroids during the first month of pregnancy and during the pre- and post-parturient periods. A significant increase in the plasma levels of E1 and E2 occurred at the end of the fertile cycle and lasted for several days and again during the last week before parturition. The plasma levels of E1 and E2 fell dramatically after parturition and remained low during the immediate post-partum period. Two surges in the progesterone levels in plasma occurred at the end of the third week of the fertile cycle and between day 34 and 46 after the onset of menstruation. The progesterone levels in plasma during the remaining gestational period varied widely but a significant increase was found during the days before parturition. A decrease in the plasma levels of P was observed after parturition but the levels of P did not reach follicular phase levels during the post-partum period studied. The possibility of oestrogen secretion from follicles stimulated by chorionic gonadotrophins is discussed as well as the release of prostaglandins by oestrogen before parturition.

INFLUENCE OF OOPHORECTOMY, LUTEECTOMY, FOETAL DEATH AND DEXAMETHASONE ON THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE IN THE PREGNANT MACACA MULATTA

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. K. Bosu ◽  
E. D. B. Johansson ◽  
C. Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Bilateral Oophorectomy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

ABSTRACT The influence of bilateral oophorectomy, luteectomy, dexamethasone injections and foetal death on the peripheral plasma levels of oestrogens1) and progesterone was studied in pregnant rhesus monkeys. After bilateral oophorectomy and luteectomy, pregnancy proceeded normally and the plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone attained levels similar to those in intact monkeys, but the progesterone levels after parturition were comparatively lower. Dexamethasone injections into pregnant monkeys had no deleterious effect on the outcome of gestation. Abrupt and dramatic decreases in total oestrogens, oestrone and oestradiol levels occurred during dexamethasone injections into intact and oophorectomized pregnant monkeys but no significant changes in progesterone levels in plasma were observed. Spontaneous intra-uterine foetal death was accompanied by decrease in oestrogens, but no changes in the plasma levels of progesterone. In experimentally induced foetal death, the oestrogen and progesterone levels in plasma decreased prior to abortion. These data demonstrate the relative influence of the ovaries, adrenals and the placenta on the maternal plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone in the pregnant rhesus monkey.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE DURING OVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN THE RHESUS MONKEY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ONSET OF MENSTRUATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT The levels of oestrone (E1)*, oestradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P) were determined simultaneously by radioimmunoassay in serial peripheral plasma samples from 11 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during ovulatory menstrual cycles. In 3 other monkeys luteectomy was performed on day 20 or 21 of the menstrual cycle. The mean plasma levels of oestradiol-17β predominated over the mean E1 during the follicular phase, but during the luteal phase the E1 and E2 patterns varied widely. Before menstruation, increased or unchanged levels of E1 and E2 were mostly found. The decrease found in a few monkeys never reached the low levels found during the days after the midcycle peak. The plasma levels of progesterone increased from less than 0.2 ng/ml during the follicular phase to maximal values within 3 to 4 days after the midcycle peak of oestradiol-17β. The plasma levels of progesterone decreased to less than 1 ng/ml and remained low for 3 to 5 days before menstruation. In the luteectomized monkeys the plasma levels of P, E1 and E2 fell dramatically within 24 h and vaginal bleeding was detected within 72 h post-operatively. In 2 of the 3 luteectomized monkeys the levels of E1 and E2 increased before the bleeding. The ratio of oestrogens (oestradiol-17β and oestrone) over progesterone changed markedly in favour of the oestrogens during the pre-menstrual period. It is concluded that the patterns of progesterone and oestrogens are divergent during the luteal phase. The maximal levels of progesterone are reached early while the maximal levels of oestrogens are reached later during the luteal phase.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT Concentrations of oestrogens*, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined in daily peripheral plasma samples during one normal menstrual cycle in eight rhesus monkeys. The oestrogens were measured by a rapid radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined by competitive protein binding techniques subsequent to column separation on hydrophobic Sephadex. Oestrone and oestradiol in pooled plasma samples were determined by radioimmunoassay after column chromatography. The plasma concentration of oestrogen showed a gradual late follicular rise to a midcyclic peak followed by an abrupt fall for 1–2 days and a subsequent small rise to concentrations similar to those preceding the mid-cyclic peak. Plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml before the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens but rose significantly one day after the oestrogen peak, and reached a luteal plateau (range 3.4–11.3 ng per ml) five to six days later. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone increase paralleled the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens. The luteal phase pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone mirrored the progesterone pattern, but the concentration was somewhat lower than for progesterone. All three steroid hormones measured decreased prior to the onset of the menstrual bleeding. Oestradiol (2.4–6.9 ng per 100 ml) dominated over oestrone (1–3.2 ng per 100 ml) in the follicular phase while the reverse was true during the luteal phase. The ratio of E2:E1 was 2:1 or higher in the follicular phase, but during the late luteal phase the ratio was reversed. The patterns of the three steroid hormones observed during the menstrual cycle were qualitatively similar to those reported in women, but quantitatively the oestrogen and progesterone levels were lower, while the levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were higher in the rhesus monkey.

Studies of the oestrous cycle, oestrus and pregnancy in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Johnston ◽  
MR McGowan ◽  
P O'Callaghan ◽  
R Cox ◽  
V Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations

As an integral part of the development of an artificial insemination programme in the captive koala, female reproductive physiology and behaviour were studied. The oestrous cycle in non-mated and mated koalas was characterized by means of behavioural oestrus, morphology of external genitalia and changes in the peripheral plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progestogen. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of the non-mated oestrous cycle and duration of oestrus in 12 koalas was 32.9 +/- 1.1 (n = 22) and 10.3 +/- 0.9 (n = 24) days, respectively. Although the commencement of oestrous behaviour was associated with increasing or high concentrations of oestradiol, there were no consistent changes in the morphology or appearance of the clitoris, pericloacal region, pouch or mammary teats that could be used to characterize the non-mated cycle. As progestogen concentrations remained at basal values throughout the interoestrous period, non-mated cycles were considered non-luteal and presumed anovulatory. After mating of the 12 koalas, six females gave birth with a mean (+/- SEM) gestation of 34.8 +/- 0.3 days, whereas the remaining six non-parturient females returned to oestrus 49.5 +/- 1. 0 days later. After mating, oestrous behaviour ceased and the progestogen profile showed a significant increase in both pregnant and non-parturient females, indicating that a luteal phase had been induced by the physical act of mating. Progestogen concentrations throughout the luteal phase of the pregnant females were significantly higher than those of non-parturient females. Parturition was associated with a decreasing concentration of progestogen, which was increased above that of basal concentrations until 7 days post partum.

PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE IN PREGNANT AND LACTATING HAMSTERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD BARANCZUK ◽  
G. S. GREENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
Normal Gestation

SUMMARY Oestrone (OE1), oestradiol (OE2) and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in the same samples of peripheral plasma from pregnant and lactating hamsters. The levels of progesterone during most of pregnancy did not exceed the values found during the first 2 days of the oestrous cycle. However, on day 14 of pregnancy (2 days before parturition) the level of progesterone abruptly increased to 29 ng/ml and fell rapidly thereafter. Hysterectomy on day 12 of pregnancy resulted in baseline levels of progesterone ( < 2 ng/ml) on day 13 and no peak in progesterone comparable to the one observed on day 14 of normal gestation. Injecting progesterone on day 14 or later prolonged gestation and caused maternal and foetal death. Oestradiol concentration showed peaks on days 7 (67·3 pg/ml), 11 (117·6 pg/ml) and 14 (81·8 pg/ml) of pregnancy and dropped precipitously between days 14 and 16 of pregnancy. The highest values obtained on day 11 correlated with the maximal proliferation of antral follicles. The abrupt decline of oestrogen concentration at parturition is different from the pattern found in the mouse and rat but is consistent with the lack of post-partum ovulation in the hamster. Injecting 50–150 μg oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate between days 12 and 16 did not interfere with parturition by the morning of day 16. Oestrone was detectable throughout pregnancy; the levels were lower than for OE2. In general, the oestrogen patterns were parallel. During lactation, progesterone secretion remained relatively constant at about 10–11 ng/ml, presumably synthesized by the hypertrophied interstitium which is the dominant ovarian tissue. In most instances OE1 and OE2 were not detectable during lactation, consistent with the absence of antral follicles.

Haemostasis and pregnancy

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (03) ◽  
pp. 401-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Bleeding Disorder ◽  
Post Partum Period

SummaryNormal pregnancy is associated with profound alterations in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. While these physiological procoagulant changes are aimed to minimise intrapartum blood loss, they do increase the risk of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the post-partum period. In contrast and more rarely, haemorrhage due to an underlying inherited or acquired bleeding disorder may occur and complicatea pregnancy. Based on an analysis of the literature data, this review presents an overview of the main thrombotic and haemorrhagic disorders complicating pregnancy.

INFLUENCE OF ANAESTHETICS, MATING, PREMATURE DELIVERY, THE TIME OF DAY OF BLOOD SAMPLING, AND SUCKLING ON PLASMA LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN HAMSTERS

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. JOSHI ◽  
A. P. LABHSETWAR
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Ether Anaesthesia

SUMMARY The influence of several factors on immunoreactive LH levels in peripheral plasma of female hamsters was investigated. The LH values for animals anaesthetized with either sodium pentobarbitone or chloral hydrate were significantly lower (P < 0-01) than those values obtained for hamsters sampled under ether anaesthesia. Mating on the night of pro-oestrus resulted in increased LH levels (P < 0-01) the following morning as compared with the levels in control females not caged with males. The LH levels were relatively low (13 ± 2 (s.e.m.) ng/ml) on the afternoon (16.00–18.00 h) of day 15 of pregnancy and also on the morning (09.00– 10.00 h) of day 16 before (7 ± 1 ng/ml) and after parturition (4 ± 0·2 ng/ml), but rose severalfold (561 ± 201 ng/ml) on the afternoon post partum. When premature delivery was induced on day 15 of pregnancy by administration of prostaglandin E2 the LH levels did not rise on the afternoon of this day (29± 11 ng/ml), but did so on the following afternoon (213± 115 ng/ml), at the same interval post coitum as in normal delivery. Marked increases in the concentration of LH in plasma were observed on the afternoon of each of days 0–6 post partum. The levels were comparable to those found on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in cyclic hamsters and could be blocked by administration of sodium phenobarbitone at 13.00 h. Similar afternoon surges of LH were not observed during dioestrus. In the morning, the LH levels were significantly higher (P < 0-001) in the non-suckled dams (95 ± 4 ng/ml) than those in mothers allowed to nurse their young (13± 4 ng/ml). In contrast, the levels in the afternoon were unaffected by the suckling stimulus (suckled, 495 ± 76 v. non-suckled, 744± 165 ng/ml; P > 0-05).

PLASMA LEVELS OF ANDROSTENEDIONE, EPITESTOSTERONE, TESTOSTERONE AND OESTROGENS IN COWS AT PARTURITION

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MÖSTL ◽  
K. MÖSTL ◽  
H. S. CHOI ◽  
H. K. DREIER ◽  
W. STÖCKL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Androgen Levels

The concentration of total unconjugated oestrogens in the peripheral plasma of cows increased from 2·00±0·20 (s.e.m.) ng/ml 7 days before to 3·87±0·50 ng/ml 1 day before parturition and declined to values below 0·30 ng/ml on day 2 post partum. The concentrations of androstenedione, epitestosterone and testosterone remained approximately constant at 0·90±0·10,0·92±0·08 and 0·40±0·20 ng/ml respectively during the last week of pregnancy. After parturition the concentration of the three androgens declined rapidly. Similar to data obtained in goats we did not find a marked increase in androgen levels in the peripheral blood of cows before parturition.

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