Preterm Birth Affects Early Motor Development in Pigs

Background: Preterm infants frequently show neuromotor dysfunctions, but it is not clear how reduced gestational age at birth may induce developmental coordination disorders. Advancing postnatal age, not only post-conceptional age, may determine neuromuscular development, and early interventions in preterm newborns may improve their later motor skills. An animal model of preterm birth that allows early postnatal detection of movement patterns may help to investigate this hypothesis.Methods: Using pigs as a model for moderately preterm infants, preterm (106-day gestation, equivalent to 90% of normal gestation time; n = 38) and term (115-day gestation, equivalent to 99% of normal gestation time; n = 20) individuals were delivered by cesarean section and artificially reared until postnatal day 19 (preweaning period). The neuromotor skills of piglets were documented using spatiotemporal gait analyses on video recordings of locomotion at self-selected speed at postnatal age 3, 4, 5, 8, and 18 days. Results were controlled for effects of body weight and sex.Results: Both preterm and term piglets reached mature neuromotor skills and performance between postnatal days 3–5. However, preterm pigs took shorter steps at a higher frequency, than term piglets, irrespective of their body size. Within preterm pigs, males and low birth weight individuals took the shortest steps, and with the highest frequency.Conclusion: Postnatal development of motor skills and gait characteristics in pigs delivered in late gestation may show similarity to the compromised development of gait pattern in preterm infants. Relative to term pigs, the postnatal delay in gait development in preterm pigs was only few days, that is, much shorter than the 10-day reduction in gestation length. This indicates rapid postnatal adaptation of gait pattern after reduced gestational age at birth. Early-life physical training and medical interventions may support both short- and long-term gait development after preterm birth in both pigs and infants.

Gestational insulin resistance is mediated by the gut microbiome-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis

Background and aims: Normal gestation involves reprogramming of maternal gut microbiome (GM) that may contribute to maternal metabolic changes by unclear mechanisms. This study aimed to understand the mechanistic underpinnings of GM maternal metabolism interaction. Methods: The GM and plasma metabolome of CD1, NIH Swiss and C57BL/6J mice were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted LC-MS throughout gestation and postpartum. Pharmacologic and genetic knockout mouse models were used to identify the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in pregnancy-associated insulin resistance (IR). Involvement of gestational GM in the process was studied using fecal microbial transplants (FMT). Results: Significant variation in gut microbial alpha diversity occurred throughout pregnancy. Enrichment in gut bacterial taxa was mouse strain and pregnancy time-point specific, with species enriched at gestation day 15/19 (G15/19), a point of heightened IR, distinct from those enriched pre- or post-pregnancy. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics revealed elevated plasma kynurenine at G15/19 in all three mouse strains. IDO1, the rate limiting enzyme for kynurenine production, had increased intestinal expression at G15, which was associated with mild systemic and gut inflammation. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of IDO1 inhibited kynurenine levels and reversed pregnancy-associated IR. FMT revealed that IDO1 induction and local kynurenine levels effects on IR derive from the GM in both mouse and human pregnancy. Conclusions: GM changes accompanying pregnancy shift IDO1 dependent tryptophan metabolism toward kynurenine production, intestinal inflammation and gestational IR, a phenotype reversed by genetic deletion or inhibition of IDO1.

Hubungan Kejadian Pandemi Covid 19 Dengan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Trimester Tiga

Objective : Pregnancy is one of the crowning moments in the life of women (Yuniastari et al., 2014). according to the Federasi Obstetri Ginekologi Internasional, Pregnancy defined as fertilization or union of spermatozoa and ovum and followed by nidasi or implantation. If counted and fertilization to this baby, normal gestation time would be held for 40 week or 10 month or 9 moon rotate international calendar. at this time corona virus desease The case go global begins with pneumonia or chafe paru-paru mysterious 2019 on december. When that happens the pandemic covid 19 that directly impact to all indonesian people in general. In the world health of pregnant women also did not escape the effects of the pandemic covid 19 this.The number of pregnant women third trimester there dipustu arawa it makes it very anxious in dealing with the delivery processMetodhe : Methods used is Desain Observasional Deskriptif. In this study , researchers will assess the degree or rate of anxiety for pregnant women third trimesterResults: This study has been implemented in march - april 2021 at pustu arawa That is in the work area puskesmas lawawoi kabupaten sidrap with the total sample 48 respondents . The sample technique used is simple random sampling Pregnant women and patients who came third trimester pustu arawa in the work area puskesmas lawawoi kabupaten sidrap Selected at random. Conclusion: The research found that there was a correlation between the pandemic covid 19 with anxiety pregnant women got the third trimester p = 0.002 < 0,05

Biologia futura: embryo–maternal communication via progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) positive embryo-derived extracellular vesicles. Their role in maternal immunomodulation

Paternal antigens expressed by the foetus are recognized as foreign. Therefore,—according to the rules of transplantation immunity—the foetus ought to be “rejected”. However, during normal gestation, maternal immune functions are re-adjusted, in order to create a favourable environment for the developing foetus. Some of the mechanisms that contribute to the altered immunological environment, for example, the cytokine balance and NK cell function, with special emphasis on the role of progesterone and the progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) will be reviewed.

Neutrophil and Lymphocyte (N/L) Ratio of Gestation and Lactation Sapera Goats at Kambing Farm, Sukoharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is used to analyse stress levels before the method of measuring glucocorticoid levels in blood plasma exists. The study aims to determine the neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio in Sapera goats during a clinically normal gestation and lactation period. The samples were obtained from 12 Sapera goats in three-month gestation period and 12 Sapera goats in three-month lactation period. Blood samples taken via jugular veins were used as the preparation of blood smears to calculate the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. The average calculation result of theN/L ratio in the lactation group (0.47 ± 0.23) was higher (p<0.05) than the gestation group (0.19 ± 0.12) with a positive moderate correlation (r = 0.59). The conclusion of this study indicates that while being in the normal range, the N/L ratio in Sapera goats during lactation period was higher than the ratio in Sapera goats during gestation period.

Micronutrient provision in a woman during pregravid preparation, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Challenges and prospects

Adequate micronutrient provision in a woman at the stage of pregravid preparation, during pregnancy is very important for its normal course, as well as for the well-being of the woman and her future offspring. In the periconceptional period, throughout pregnancy, as well as during breastfeeding, the need for a number of micronutrients increases. A balanced diet can compensate for it only to some extent, given that in our country there is a deficiency of micronutrients which are essential for the normal course of pregnancy, and the need for their supplement remains from the preconceptional period until the end of lactation. Excessive intake of vitamins carries certain risks: long-term administration of multicomponent vitamin-mineral complexes is associated with an increase in the risk of fetal macrosomia, and as the number of their components increases, so does the probability of pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic interactions between them. The desire to reach the optimal dosage of one of the components with its true hypovitaminosis can lead to a violation of the dosage of its other components. Thus, nutritional support during pregnancy requires a basic supplement of strictly defined vitamins and microelements essential for normal gestation, such as folic acid, iodine, vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids at dosages corresponding to the daily physiological requirement established for pregnant women. Key words: pregnancy, vitamins, vitamin D, iodine, lactation, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregravid preparation, folates

Pancreatic Duodenal Homeobox Factor-1 and Neurogenin-3 Serum Expression in Gestational Diabetes

Objectives: Pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1) and neurogenin-3 (NGN-3) are progenitor cell markers in the pancreas. The aim was to compare their serum levels in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study included two groups: (a) Women with normal gestation and (b) with GDM. PDX-1 and NGN-3 serum expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney U-test was used to contrast both groups and the Pearson or Spearman correlation was used. A multiple regression was done introducing body mass index and the relative expression of both genes as independent variables and glucose as dependent variable. Statistical significance was tested at P ≤ 0.05 level. Results: Thirty-eight patients (mean age was of 29.00 ± 7.74 years) were included, 22 belonged to the normal pregnancies, and 16 to GDM. Using the ΔΔCt method, the expression fold change for PDX-1 was 0.458 and for NGN-3 it was 0.361. There was a significant positive correlation between the expressions of both genes. The multiple regression was significant for both genes expression and glucose levels in case of having normal weight. Conclusion: PDX-1 and NGN-3 low serum expression could be predictors of higher glucose levels in normal pregnancies.

Reference values for ductus venosus doppler indices of normal gestation at 22-37 weeks: A Vietnamese cohort study

Prenatal doppler ultrasound of the ductus venosus plays an important role in the evaluation of fetal circulation and fetal heart function. We aimed to establish the percentile of Resistivity Index (RI) and Pulsatility Index (PI) of the Ductus Venosus (DV) among normal Vietnamese fetuses with a gestation from 22 to 37 weeks in a cohort study. Normal Vietnamese fetuses with a gestation ranging from 22 to 37 weeks were examined in a cohort study. The PI and RI were recorded from the DV. We analyzed 640 participants who all fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of our study. Results: There was a significant correlation between RI, PI and gestational age as shown with the equations y = 0.077x – 0.003x2 + 3.493e - 5x3 (r=0.97) and y = 0.106x – 0.004x2 + 4.5e - 5x3 (r=0.94), respectively. A centile module was constructed for the DV RI and PI indices among normal Vietnamese fetuses with gestation from 22 to 37 weeks.