Paradoxical Malignant Embolism, Brief Review

During gestation period the oxygenated maternal blood is transferred to the embryo via the placenta and umbilical cord into the right atrium. It is further transferred through an interatrial shunt to the left atrium, the Foramen Ovale, and distributed to the embryonic body. The foramen is closed after the birth, but remains occasionally patent, permitting embolization through a right to left shunt. This is transferring thrombi, fat, cement and bony spikes, air, and occasionally malignant tissue. This brief review is on the malignant embolization.

Thermal skin burn in a late gestation period in experimental animals: state of the system “mother-fetus”

Objective. To study the effect of thermal skin burns in experimental animals (rats) on the state of the system “mother-fetus” in a late gestation period.Materials and methods. An experimental study was carried out on 18 female outbred white rats weighing 300–350 g (per 9 rats in the control and experimental groups), which were exposed to third-degree thermal burns with an area of 12 cм2 in a late gestation period. The oxygen transport function and the main blood biochemical markers were studied. The effect of thermal injury on the course of pregnancy was studied.Results. The thermal skin burn in the rats in the late gestation period leads to the development of hypoxia, a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and metabolic acidosis in the mother’s body. Changes in the blood biochemical markers indicate the presence of endogenous intoxication. In the experimental animal group, a decrease in fetal weight was observed, an increase in the post-implantation fetal death rate was noted.Conclusion. Impaired oxygen homeostasis and endogenous intoxication in skin burns in rats in late gestation periods lead to fetal malnutrition and a qualitative increase in the post-implantation fetal death rate.

Maternal hypothyroidism prolongs gestation period and impairs glucose tolerance in offspring of Wistar rats

Objectives Pregnancy is a critical period keenly regulated by both maternal and foetal factors and a shift in these factors could result in severe complications manifesting in foetal and adult life. However, maternal hypothyroidism before and/or during pregnancy is a critical factor. This study investigated the effect of maternal hypothyroidism on glucose tolerance and thyroid function in male and female offspring. Methods Fifteen adult female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (sham-control), Group 2 (thyrodectomized) and Group 3 (thyroidectomised + L-thyroxine treated). Blood thyroxine (T4) level was measured on the day 10 after thyroidectomy in Groups 1 and 2, and day 35 in Group 3. Males were introduced to the female rats after T4 measurement. At PND-112, T4 levels of their offspring were measured. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was measured in offspring at PND-133. Results Thyroxine reduced significantly in Group 2 and their offspring (male and female) compared to Group 3 while gestation period was prolonged significantly in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Hypothyroid male offspring showed depressed glucose tolerance, however, no effect was observed in female offspring. Conclusions This study suggests that maternal hypothyroidism prolonged gestation period, induced foetal hypothyroidism in both genders and depressed glucose tolerance in male offspring.

Male coloration affects female gestation period and timing of fertilization in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

The trade-up hypothesis is a female behavioral strategy related to mating with multiple males. In this hypothesis, females can produce high-quality offspring while avoiding the risk of losing reproductive opportunities by non-selective mating with males at first mating and then re-mating with more attractive males. As an internal mechanism to realize this behavioral strategy, we predicted that females would immediately fertilize their eggs when they mated with attractive males, whereas females would delay fertilization when they mated with unattractive males to trade-up sires of offspring. The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is an ovoviviparous fish with internal fertilization, and females show a clear mate preference based on the area of orange coloration on the bodies of males. In addition, it is known that females show a re-mating strategy consistent with the trade-up hypothesis. We tested whether the attractiveness of mated males affected the gestation period and the timing of fertilization. Females were paired with either colorful males or drab males, and the gestation periods (the number of days from mating to parturition) were compared. In addition, we dissected the abdomens of the females at intervals of several days after mating and observed whether the eggs were fertilized. The gestation period in females that were paired with attractive colorful males was significantly shorter than that in females that were paired with drab males. We found that females that mated with colorful males also had their eggs fertilized earlier than those that mated with drab males. Our findings show that differences in the timing of fertilization according to attractiveness of the mate increase the opportunity for cryptic female choice and trading up.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PETERNAK TERHADAP PENYAKIT DAN KEBUNTINGAN KELINCI DI KELOMPOK TERNAK SUMBER REJEKI KOTA KEDIRI

Rabbits are easily animal bred in Indonesia. The potential for meat production and reproduction very good. Rabbits can give birth 6-8 times a year with a gestation period of approximately 30 days. Each time giving birth can produced until 8 kit. However, this potential is constrained by the high mortality rate and the decline in the quality of adult rabbit production. Most of the deaths occurred when the rabbit was still young and had not yet been weaned, some occurred when the rabbit was an adult. Sometimes the mated mother also does not give birth, after checking it turns out that the mate was unsuccessful or failed to conceive. The cause of this problem is the low knowledge of breeders about rabbit diseases and the success of pregnancy after mating. The solution that can be given is to provide counseling about the characteristics of sick rabbits, the symptoms experienced and their handling. Farmers are taught how to hold and inject sick rabbits. The second solution is to provide training on how to mate rabbits until they are successful and detect pregnancy rabbits after 12-14 days of mating. So breeders do not need to wait 30 days for re-breeding. The method used is counseling, pretest and post test, mentoring and training for group members and final evaluation. The results of this activity indicate an increase in the knowledge and ability of farmers in the Sumber Rejeki group in Kediri City regarding disease handling and detection of pregnant rabbits.Kelinci merupakan hewan ternak yang mudah dikembangbiakkan di Indonesia. Potensi produksi daging dan reproduksi anak yang dihasilkan sangat baik. Kelinci mampu melahirkan sebanyak 6 – 8 kali dalam setahun dengan lama kebuntingan kurang lebih 30 hari. Setiap kali melahirkan jumlah anak yang dihasilkan bisa mencapai 8 ekor per induk. Namun potensi ini terkendala dengan banyaknya angka kematian dan penurunan kualitas produksi kelinci dewasa. Kematian banyak terjadi ketika kelinci masih kecil dan belum lepas sapih sebagian terjadi ketika kelinci sudah dewasa. Kadang induk yang sudah dikawinkan juga tidak kunjung melahirkan, setelah dicek ternyata perkawinan tidak berhasil atau gagal bunting. Penyebab masalah ini adalah rendahnya pengetahuan peternak terhadap penyakit kelinci dan keberhasilan bunting pasca dikawinkan. Solusi yang dapat diberikan adalah dengan memberikan penyuluhan mengenai ciri ciri ternak sakit, gejala yang dialami dan penangannnya. Peternak diajari cara memegang dan menyuntik kelinci yang sakit. Solusi kedua adalah dengan memberikan pelatihan mengenai cara mengawinkan kelinci sampai berhasil dan mendeteksi kebuntingan kelinci setelah 12 – 14 hari dikawinkan. Sehingga peternak tidak perlu menunggu 30 hari lamanya untuk dikawinkan ulang. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan, adanya pre test dan post test, pendampingan dan pelatihan pada anggota kelompok dan evaluasi akhir. Hasil kegiatan ini menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan dan kemampuan peternak di kelompok ternak Sumber Rejeki Kota Kediri terkait penanganan penyakit dan deteksi kelinci bunting. Kegiatan ini penting untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan peternak kelinci dikemudian hari.

THE EFFECT OF THE DOE WEIGHT ON HER REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENY

Thirty-six local dose have been used and were divided in to three groups sacording to weight, in each group twelve dose. In the first group the weights of the dose were higher than ( 2.5 kgs) and less than (3 kgs). The second groups was higher than 3 kgs) and less than (3.5 kgs). The third group was higher than (3.5 kgs) and less than (4 kgs). The aim of this study was to obtain the effect of doe weight on her reproductive efficiency (gestation period, litter size, litter weight at birth and weaning, growth rate of offspring preweaning, conception rate and preweaning mortility). The weight of the doe had no significant effect upon the gestation period and this period was 30.9, 31.2, 31.3 days for the three groups respectively, on the other hand the litter size was affected significantly by doe weight and litter size was at birth and preaweaning (5.1 , 5.8 and 6.2), (4.5, 5.3 and 5.7) for the three groups respectively. The offspring weight at birth and weaning was affected significantly by doe weight and this weight was (40.1 , 48.2 and 53.3 gms), (203.6, 227.5 and 233.8 gms) for the three groups respectively while the conception rate was not affected by doe weight. The mortility percentage in the prewaning period was not significantly by doe weight

Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy outcomes

Pregnancy complicated by CKD is currently not fully understood topic. Outcome of pregnancy in patients with CKD is related to impaired glomerular filtration rate and the degree of proteinuria. In our study we evaluated the association of serum creatinine level and proteinuria with both maternal and fetal outcomes in the cohort of 84 pregnant patients with CKD. In CKD group we confirmed negative correlation of highest serum creatinine level in pregnancy to fetal weight (p value < 0.001) and gestation period (p value < 0.001). Likewise, negative correlation of preconception serum creatinine to fetal weight (p value < 0.001) and gestation period (p value 0.002). Negative correlation of proteinuria to gestation period (p value < 0.001) and fetal weight (p value < 0.001) was also demonstrated. CKD is serious risk factor for pregnancy outcome. Proteinuria and serum creatinine level should be examined before pregnancy and regularly monitored during pregnancy. Higher serum creatinine levels and higher proteinuria predispose to shorter gestation period and lower birth weight of the neonate.

Reducing fetal radiation dose in computed tomography for pregnant patients: A literature review

To diagnose diseases during gestation period including renal stones, appendicitis, and pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients, computed tomography (CT) can be a golden standard. Due to CT examination, the fetus is prone to receiving a considerable dose which is the result of direct or scattered (external and internal scattered radiation) beams. The effects of ionization radiation on fetus include mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, therefore, it is essential to reduce fetus dose for pregnant patients who undergo CT examination during gestation period. This article aims to review approaches that are effective in reducing fetal dose in pregnant patients.