scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Agarose Gel Concentration and Culture Period on Bio and Mechanical Properties of Chondrocyte Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-774
Author(s):  
Akram Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Curve Method

As a gel scaffold for chondrocyte tissue engineering, agarose concentration plays a significant role in the relationship between porosity and nutrition. In this work, the effect of concentration and period cultured on Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and mechanical properties have been studied. A bovine chondrocytes have been isolated and seeded in different agarose gel scoffed concentrations, about 4% and 6%, for different period cultured, 0 and 7 days. The MTS machine and Spectrophotometric with calibration curve method were used to measure mechanical properties, and GAG concentration of the prepared samples, respectively. The results of mechanical tests and GAG contents shown that there are a wide range of dispersion in the most of the samples, which attribute to different factors. For mechanical properties, these factors could be attributed to anisotropic of the produced chondrocyte with agarose scaffolds, insufficient cells' dispersion within the gel scaffold during seeding and cultured time, and some test procedure condition, such as EBSS hydration. While for GAG results, those factors could be the differences of the cell growth environment between in-vitro and in vivo media. 

Functional Tissue Engineering: The Role of Biomechanics

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Butler ◽  
Steven A. Goldstein ◽  
Farshid Guilak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Biosynthetic Activity ◽  
Functional Tissue Engineering ◽  
Functional Tissue ◽  
Engineered Tissues

“Tissue engineering” uses implanted cells, scaffolds, DNA, protein, and/or protein fragments to replace or repair injured or diseased tissues and organs. Despite its early success, tissue engineers have faced challenges in repairing or replacing tissues that serve a predominantly biomechanical function. An evolving discipline called “functional tissue engineering” (FTE) seeks to address these challenges. In this paper, the authors present principles of functional tissue engineering that should be addressed when engineering repairs and replacements for load-bearing structures. First, in vivo stress/strain histories need to be measured for a variety of activities. These in vivo data provide mechanical thresholds that tissue repairs/replacements will likely encounter after surgery. Second, the mechanical properties of the native tissues must be established for subfailure and failure conditions. These “baseline data” provide parameters within the expected thresholds for different in vivo activities and beyond these levels if safety factors are to be incorporated. Third, a subset of these mechanical properties must be selected and prioritized. This subset is important, given that the mechanical properties of the designs are not expected to completely duplicate the properties of the native tissues. Fourth, standards must be set when evaluating the repairs/replacements after surgery so as to determine, “how good is good enough?” Some aspects of the repair outcome may be inferior, but other mechanical characteristics of the repairs and replacements might be suitable. New and improved methods must also be developed for assessing the function of engineered tissues. Fifth, the effects of physical factors on cellular activity must be determined in engineered tissues. Knowing these signals may shorten the iterations required to replace a tissue successfully and direct cellular activity and phenotype toward a desired end goal. Finally, to effect a better repair outcome, cell-matrix implants may benefit from being mechanically stimulated using in vitro “bioreactors” prior to implantation. Increasing evidence suggests that mechanical stress, as well as other physical factors, may significantly increase the biosynthetic activity of cells in bioartificial matrices. Incorporating each of these principles of functional tissue engineering should result in safer and more efficacious repairs and replacements for the surgeon and patient. [S0148-0731(00)00206-5]

scholarly journals Tissue engineering for compensating short bowel syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
A V Kosulin ◽  
L N Beldiman ◽  
S V Kromsky ◽  
A A Kokorina ◽  
E V Mikhailova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Short Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Short Bowel ◽  
Wide Range

Short bowel syndrome is an important clinical problem characterized by a high incidence of serious complications, deaths and socioeconomic consequences. Parenteral nutrition provides only a temporary solution without reducing the risk of complications. This applies equally to surgical treatment, in particular to small intestine transplantation and related concomitant interventions, which only facilitate the adaptation of the intestine to new conditions. Potential approaches have been analyzed in the treatment of the syndrome of the small intestine, which can be offered by dynamically developing tissue engineering. Various types of carriers and cell types that are used in experiments for obtaining tissue engineering designs of the intestine are discussed. A wide range of variants of such constructions is analyzed that can lead to obtaining an organ prosthesis with a cellular organization and mechanical stability similar to those of the native small intestine, which will ensure the necessary biocompatibility. It is established that one of the optimal carriers for today are extracellular matrices obtained by decellularization of the native small intestine. This process allows to preserve the microarchitecture of the small intestine, which greatly facilitates the process of filling the matrix with cells both in vitro and in vivo. It has also been established that mesenchymal stromal multipotent cells and organoid units obtained from the tissue of the native small intestine are particularly prominent among the most promising participants in the cellular ensemble.

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering for the Insertions of Tendons and Ligaments: An Overview of Electrospun Biomaterials and Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Sensini ◽  
Gabriele Massafra ◽  
Carlo Gotti ◽  
Andrea Zucchelli ◽  
Luca Cristofolini
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Myotendinous Junction ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Junction Site ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Myotendinous Junctions

The musculoskeletal system is composed by hard and soft tissue. These tissues are characterized by a wide range of mechanical properties that cause a progressive transition from one to the other. These material gradients are mandatory to reduce stress concentrations at the junction site. Nature has answered to this topic developing optimized interfaces, which enable a physiological transmission of load in a wide area over the junction. The interfaces connecting tendons and ligaments to bones are called entheses, while the ones between tendons and muscles are named myotendinous junctions. Several injuries can affect muscles, bones, tendons, or ligaments, and they often occur at the junction sites. For this reason, the main aim of the innovative field of the interfacial tissue engineering is to produce scaffolds with biomaterial gradients and mechanical properties to guide the cell growth and differentiation. Among the several strategies explored to mimic these tissues, the electrospinning technique is one of the most promising, allowing to generate polymeric nanofibers similar to the musculoskeletal extracellular matrix. Thanks to its extreme versatility, electrospinning has allowed the production of sophisticated scaffolds suitable for the regeneration of both the entheses and the myotendinous junctions. The aim of this review is to analyze the most relevant studies that applied electrospinning to produce scaffolds for the regeneration of the enthesis and the myotendinous junction, giving a comprehensive overview on the progress made in the field, in particular focusing on the electrospinning strategies to produce these scaffolds and their mechanical, in vitro, and in vivo outcomes.

A Strain Energy-Based Constitutive Model for Continuous-Fiber Tissue Engineered Valved Conduit Tissue

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Eckert ◽  
Michael S. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Analog System ◽  
Mechanical Quality ◽  
Valved Conduit

Understanding growth and remodeling of extracelluar matrix (ECM) embedded in a scaffold phase is crucial for improving tissue engineering efforts, especially within the context of a mechanically-demanding enviroment to which engineered heart valve tissues (EHVT) are subjected. Our previous modeling efforts at short in vitro timepoints (one to three weeks) [1] illustrated the strong dependency of ECM-scaffold composite mechanical properties on that of the existing continuous scaffold phase. In this work, we build on these efforts by developing a generalized, large-deformation continuum-based model for short timepoint in vitro/in vivo environments and validating it using a ECM-analog system to simulate remodeling tissue. It is our intent to estimate the ECM mechanical quality from the measured scaffold-ECM composite.

A Brief Review of the Modelling of the Time Dependent Mechanical Properties of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.K. Bawolin ◽  
W.J. Zhang ◽  
Xiong Biao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Effective Properties ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scaffold Degradation

The functionality of tissue scaffolds in vivo plays a critical role in the treatment process. Due to the time dependent nature of the mechanical properties of the constituent phases of the scaffold, a wide range of mechanical property histories may be observed during the treatment process, possibly influencing outcomes. The critical nature of the mechanical properties in load bearing applications indicates a need for the simultaneous modelling of both scaffold degradation and tissue regeneration with time, and the resulting effective properties of the tissue engineering construct. To this end, a review of the literature is conducted to identify the various existing approaches to modelling scaffold degradation, tissue behavior, and the dependency of the two processes on one another.

scholarly journals Biomechanical study of cellulose scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in vivo and in vitro.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Leblanc Latour ◽  
Maryam Tarar ◽  
Ryan J. Hickey ◽  
Charles M. Cuerrier ◽  
Isabelle Catelas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Load Bearing

Plant-derived cellulose biomaterials have recently been utilized in several tissue engineering applications. These naturally-derived cellulose scaffolds have been shown to be highly biocompatible in vivo, possess structural features of relevance to several tissues, and support mammalian cell invasion and proliferation. Recent work utilizing decellularized apple hypanthium tissue has shown that it possesses a pore size similar to trabecular bone and can successfully host osteogenic differentiation. In the present study, we further examined the potential of apple-derived cellulose scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and analyzed their mechanical properties in vitro and in vivo. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were seeded in cellulose scaffolds. Following chemically-induced osteogenic differentiation, scaffolds were evaluated for mineralization and for their mechanical properties. Alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red staining confirmed the osteogenic potential of the scaffolds. Histological analysis of the constructs revealed cell invasion and mineralization throughout the constructs. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of mineral aggregates on the scaffolds after culture in differentiation medium, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of phosphate and calcium. However, although the Young′s modulus significantly increased after cell differentiation, it remained lower than that of healthy bone tissue. Interestingly, mechanical assessment of acellular scaffolds implanted in rat calvaria defects for 8 weeks revealed that the force required to push out the scaffolds from the surrounding bone was similar to that of native calvarial bone. In addition, cell infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition were visible within the implanted scaffolds. Overall, our results confirm that plant-derived cellulose is a promising candidate for BTE applications. However, the discrepancy in mechanical properties between the mineralized scaffolds and healthy bone tissue may limit their use to low load-bearing applications. Further structural re-engineering and optimization to improve the mechanical properties may be required for load-bearing applications.

Radiation Effect on Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Nanofibrous Scaffold

2007 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Youn Mook Lim ◽  
Joon Pyo Jeun ◽  
Chan Hee Jung ◽  
Jae Hak Choi ◽  
Phil Hyun Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Nanofibrous Scaffolds ◽  
Biomimetic Scaffolds ◽  
Biodegradable Poly ◽  
Γ Ray

Nano- to micro-structured biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds (PCL NFSs) were prepared by an electrospinning. Electrospinning has recently emerged as a leading technique for generating the biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The average diameter of the electrospun PCL NFSs ranged from 0.5 to 2 ㎛ depending on the solvent/nonsolvent mixture. PCL NFSs were irradiated using γ-ray and their mechanical properties and biodegradability were measured. In vitro/vivo degradation studies of the scaffolds as a function of the radiation dose were performed. The scaffolds were degraded more slowly in vitro than in vivo.

scholarly journals Nanohydroxyapatite Effect on the Degradation, Osteoconduction and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Bone Tissue Engineered Scaffolds

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 900-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Salmasi ◽  
Leila Nayyer ◽  
Alexander M. Seifalian ◽  
Gordon W. Blunn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Promising Alternative

BACKGROUNDStatistical reports show that every year around the world approximately 15 million bone fractures occur; of which up to 10% fail to heal completely and hence lead to complications of non-union healing. In the past, autografts or allografts were used as the “gold standard” of treating such defects. However, due to various limitations and risks associated with these sources of bone grafts, other avenues have been extensively investigated through which bone tissue engineering; in particular engineering of synthetic bone graft substitutes, has been recognised as a promising alternative to the traditional methods.METHODSA selective literature search was performed.RESULTSBone tissue engineering offers unlimited supply, eliminated risk of disease transmission and relatively low cost. It could also lead to patient specific design and manufacture of implants, prosthesis and bone related devices. A potentially promising building block for a suitable scaffold is synthetic nanohydroxyapatite incorporated into synthetic polymers. Incorporation of nanohydroxyapatite into synthetic polymers has shown promising bioactivity, osteoconductivity, mechanical properties and degradation profile compared to other techniques previously considered.CONCLUSIONScientific research, through extensive physiochemical characterisation,in vitroandin vivoassessment has brought together the optimum characteristics of nanohydroxyapatite and various types of synthetic polymers in order to develop nanocomposites of suitable nature for bone tissue engineering. The aim of the present article is to review and update various aspects involved in incorporation of synthetic nanohydroxyapatite into synthetic polymers, in terms of their potentials to promote bone growth and regenerationin vitro,in vivoand consequently in clinical applications.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Delivery of Therapeutics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Baillargeon ◽  
Kibret Mequanint
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Amino Acid Ester ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Degradable biomaterials continue to play a major role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as for delivering therapeutic agents. Although the chemistry of polyphosphazenes has been studied extensively, a systematic review of their applications for a wide range of biomedical applications is lacking. Polyphosphazenes are synthesized through a relatively well-known two-step reaction scheme which involves the substitution of the initial linear precursor with a wide range of nucleophiles. The ease of substitution has led to the development of a broad class of materials that have been studied for numerous biomedical applications including as scaffold materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to discuss the suitability of poly(amino acid ester)phosphazene biomaterials in regard to their unique stimuli responsive properties, tunable degradation rates and mechanical properties, as well asin vitroandin vivobiocompatibility. The application of these materials in areas such as tissue engineering and drug delivery is discussed systematically. Lastly, the utility of polyphosphazenes is further extended as they are being employed in blend materials for new applications and as another method of tailoring material properties.

scholarly journals Poly(lactide- co -glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Pan ◽  
Jiandong Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Plga Scaffold ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Facile Fabrication

Porous scaffolds fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable polymers play vital roles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Among various scaffold matrix materials, poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) is a very popular and an important biodegradable polyester owing to its tunable degradation rates, good mechanical properties and processibility, etc. This review highlights the progress on PLGA scaffolds. In the latest decade, some facile fabrication approaches at room temperature were put forward; more appropriate pore structures were designed and achieved; the mechanical properties were investigated both for dry and wet scaffolds; a long time biodegradation of the PLGA scaffold was observed and a three-stage model was established; even the effects of pore size and porosity on in vitro biodegradation were revealed; the PLGA scaffolds have also been implanted into animals, and some tissues have been regenerated in vivo after loading cells including stem cells.

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