scholarly journals Liquidity Provision, Ambiguous Asset Returns and the Financial Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-408
Author(s):  
Willem Spanjers
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Liquidity Provision ◽  
Model Ambiguity ◽  
Deposit Contracts ◽  
Investor Behaviour ◽  
Bail Out ◽  
Illiquid Assets

For an economy with dysfunctional intertemporal financial markets the financial sector is modelled as a competitive banking sector offering deposit contracts. In a setting related to Allen and Gale (JoF, 1998) properties of the optimal liquidity provision are analyzed for illiquid assets with ambiguous returns.In the context of our model, ambiguity -- i.e. incalculable risk -- leads to dynamically inconsistent investor behaviour. If the financial sector fails to recognize the presence of ambiguity, unanticipated fundamental crises may occur, which are incorrectly blamed on investors 'loosing their nerves' and 'panicing'.The basic mechanism of the Financial Crisis resembles the liquidation of illiquid assets during a banking panic. The combination of providing additional liquidity and supporting distressed financial institutions implements the regulatory policy suggested by the model.A credible commitment to such 'bail-out policy' does not create a moral hazard problem. Rather, it implements the second best efficient outcome by discouraging excessive caution. Reducing ambiguity by increasing stability, transparency and predictability -- as suggested by ordo-liberalism and the 'Freiburger Schule' -- enhances ex-ante welfare.

scholarly journals Measuring the systemic risk in the South African banking sector

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Foggitt ◽  
Andre Heymans ◽  
Gary W. Van Vuuren ◽  
Anmar Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
South African ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
The South ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case

Background: In the aftermath of the sub-prime crisis, systemic risk has become a greater priority for regulators, with the National Treasury (2011) stating that regulators should proactively monitor changes in systemic risk.Aim: The aim is to quantify systemic risk as the capital shortfall an institution is likely to experience, conditional to the entire financial sector being undercapitalised.Setting: We measure the systemic risk index (SRISK) of the South African (SA) banking sector between 2001 and 2013.Methods: Systemic risk is measured with the SRISK.Results: Although the results indicated only moderate systemic risk in the SA financial sector over this period, there were significant spikes in the levels of systemic risk during periods of financial turmoil in other countries. Especially the stock market crash in 2002 and the subprime crisis in 2008. Based on our results, the largest contributor to systemic risk during quiet periods was Investec, the bank in our sample which had the lowest market capitalisation. However, during periods of financial turmoil, the contributions of other larger banks increased markedly.Conclusion: The implication of these spikes is that systemic risk levels may also be highly dependent on external economic factors, in addition to internal banking characteristics. The results indicate that the economic fundamentals of SA itself seem to have little effect on the amount of systemic risk present in the financial sector. A more significant relationship seems to exist with the stability of the financial sectors in foreign countries. The implication therefore is that complying with individual banking regulations, such as Basel, and corporate governance regulations promoting ethical behaviour, such as King III, may not be adequate. It is therefore proposed that banks should always have sufficient capital reserves in order to mitigate the effects of a financial crisis in a foreign country. The use of worst-case scenario analyses (such as those in this study) could aid in determining exactly how much capital banks could need in order to be considered sufficiently capitalised during a financial crisis, and therefore safe from systemic risk.

What Has Not Changed

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-239
Author(s):  
Huw Macartney
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
The Real ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Impact

This chapter begins by explaining that financialization since the financial crisis has continued. The chapter then shows how the real culture of banking has not changed as a result. It examines the business models of the largest Anglo-American banks and the impact of Quantitative Easing to show the disconnect between the banks and their respective economies. It then examines rising household indebtedness, and the lending practices of the banks that exploit the heavily indebted. Finally it explores pay in the financial sector, showing that fixed and variable remuneration remain out of proportion to the value-added of the banking sector, and disproportionately high compared to pay in most other sectors. The conclusion we should draw is that bank culture has actually changed very little.

scholarly journals Diversity across EU banking sectors: Poorly researched and underappreciated

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-179
Author(s):  
Hans-Helmut Kotz ◽  
Dorothea Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Gaps

Zusammenfassung: Das Interesse an der Rolle der Vielfalt im Bankensektor hat erheblich zugenommen, seit die Finanzkrise (und die anschließenden Staatsschuldenkrisen) die europäischen Länder in unterschiedlicher Weise getroffen haben. In diesem Überblicksartikel werden entscheidende Forschungslücken im Bereich der Vielfalt im Bankensektor herausgearbeitet. Vorbereitend dazu bilanzieren wir die Vielfalt der Bankensektoren in der Europäischen Union und beleuchten die Unterschiede vor und nach der Finanzkrise. Kernpunkte einer künftigen Forschungsagenda zur Bewertung der Diversität im Bankensektor (und im Finanzsektor im Allgemeinen) sind: (a) die Definition der empirischen Bedeutung des Konzepts und damit seiner messbaren Eigenschaften, (b) die Beziehung zwischen Diversität und Wettbewerbsniveau (Marktmacht) im Bankensektor, (c) die Verbindung zwischen Diversität und Stabilität des Bankensektors, (d) die Relevanz der Diversität im Bankensektor für einen erleichterten Zugang zu Finanzierung, insbesondere für KMU, und (e) die Verknüpfungen zwischen Diversität im Bankensektor (Finanzsektor) und nichtfinanzieller, „realer“ wirtschaftlicher Diversität („Goodness of fit“-Problematik, institutionelle Einbettung). Die aufgezeigten Forschungslücken zu schließen, wäre ein wichtiger Beitrag sowohl zur Debatte über eine tiefere Integration der europäischen Finanzmärkte (Bankenunion, Kapitalmarktunion) als auch zur Debatte über eine nachhaltige Finanzarchitektur, die gleichzeitig Innovation und Wachstum fördert und die Gesellschaft wirksam vor großen Finanzkrisen schützt. Summary: Interest in the role of diversity in banking sectors has increased substantially since the financial crisis (and the subsequent sovereign debt crises) have hit European countries differentially. The purpose of this note is to hint at crucial research gaps in terms of appreciating consequences of this variety. In preparation for this, we take stock of the across country diversity of banking sectors in the European Union before and after the financial crisis. Key issues in a future research agenda for evaluating diversity in the banking sector (and the financial sector more generally) have to do with: (a) defining the concept’s empirical meaning and hence its measurable properties, (b) the relationship between diversity and the level of competition (market power)in the banking sector, (c) the link between diversity and banking sector stability, (d) the pertinence of banking sector diversity for mitigating access to finance problems, in particular for SMEs and (e) the interlinkages between diversity in the banking (financial) sector and non-financial, “real” economy diversity (“goodness of fit”-issue, institutional embededdness). Filling the indicated research gaps would be an important contribution to both the debate on deeper integration of Europe’s financial markets (Banking Union, Capital Markets Union)as well as the debate on a sustainable financial architecture, being at the same time conducive to innovation and growth whilst protecting society effectively from large-scale financial crises.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on China's Banking Sector

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-30
Author(s):  
Michiel Haasbroek ◽  
Jörn-Carsten Gottwald
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The banking sector had long been left at the fringes of China's reform policies. Major initiatives of the 1990 and early 2000s helped to balance the need for modernization and internationalization with the objective of preserving political control. When the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) erupted in 2007, it hit the Chinese economy but predominantly in its export sector and much less in its financial sector. Yet when exports collapsed and factories closed in the winter of 2008/2009, the Chinese leadership implemented an ambitious stimulus program and used its leverage over the financial sector to re-start economic growth. These factors – GFC and domestic stimulus – created a series of intended and unintended outcomes. Financial reform in China entered a new stage signalling a profound change in China's banking sector. These changes follow two sometimes contradictive, sometimes mutually reinforcing reform dynamics of top-down policies and bottom-up innovation. In this article we follow an institutional approach and discuss the intensified participation of China's big banks in the Go Out strategy, followed by a shift in the pattern of lending. One factor in this change is the rise of shadow banking and particularly an explosive growth in internet-based financial services. Thus, while the initial reaction to the GFC re-emphasized direct, top-down state involvement in the banking sector, the outcomes of the GFC, China's policies and business innovations have facilitated profound bottom-up changes.

scholarly journals The Growing Importance of the Financial Sector in the Founding Countries of the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (26) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Tomasz Florczak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union

The economies of the 21st century countries operate on the principle of connected vessels. A significant element of changes in economies is the growth of the financial sector. The process of financial sector growth is often referred as financialization. The significant impact of this sector on economic development was shown during the financial crisis of 2008. Financialization is more visible in highly developed countries. Undoubtedly the founding countries of the European Union belong to highly developed countries. It is possible that the financialization is higher in bigger countries like France, Germany, Italy or United Kingdom, which can also have bigger financial sectors. From the other side there is also country, which economy is based on banks. The aim of the article is to indicate the growth of the financial sector in the founding countries of the European Union. To determine the growth of the financial sector, the author used the indicators appearing in the literature of subject. There are indicators relating to functioning of the economy and banking sector. The second method helps to determine in which country financialization is higher. To made the research there was used zero unitarization method. The results of the study allows to determine in which of the subjects the financial sector is at a higher level of development. It is possible, that during researched period there were changes in financializiation of researched countries.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BANKING UNION FOR THE STABILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN THE EURO AREA

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (6) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Public Aid ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Stability

The research goal of this study is to assess the significance of the banking union for the stability of the financial sector in the euro area. A review of available literature, legal acts and the analysis of statistical data relevant to the research objective of the work turned out to be necessary to prepare the work. The financial crisis that began in 2007 had its source in the deregulation of financial markets, the lack of legal framework for supervisory institutions and inadequately functioning market information system. Public aid for banks in the EU within 5 years (2008-2012) amounted to nearly EUR 4 trillion. The majority of public aid (75%) was addressed to euro area banks. The largest amounts of public aid were directed to support banking systems in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. In the case of Ireland, this led to almost bankruptcy. The crisis has led to changes in the approach to the security of the financial sector including the banking sector of countries belonging to the euro area. The most important project implemented in response to the financial crisis is the banking union. The banking union is based on three pillars: the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), the Single Deposit Guarantee Scheme (SDGS).

scholarly journals The safety network system and prospects for the appearance of a financial crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (178-179) ◽  
pp. 198-229
Author(s):  
Novo Plakalovic
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
High Level

The article is on the system of the safety network of the financial sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and potential causes of possible financial instability. The network of protection of financial institutions in BH is to a certain extent incomplete but a high level of regulatory and supervisory activities has been present so far, which effects the expressed stability of financial institutions. Potential risks and the vulnerability of the financial system arise from a range of features which are characteristic of the local financial institutions, their activities, the condition of the BH economy, and macroeconomic stability and flows of goods and capital between the country and foreign countries. The sector of financial institutions has been privatized and it is in foreign ownership. Foreign exposure of domestic economy and financial markets is limited to only a small number of countries (Austria, Germany). There are pressures in respect of the increased rates of return on bank capital and there is a very high dynamic of credit growth. Possible unfavourable scenarios could bring about problems in the banking sector, which is shown by stress tests. The deterioration of the macroeconomic imbalance could also be a significant cause of serious problems in the local financial sector. There are no certain indicators that this could happen in the near future and influence the appearance of a financial crisis; however, such a situation cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals The impact of ICT on Financial Sector Policy Reforms in Post-Financial crisis era in Ghana:

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
Julius Yaw Asamoah ◽  
Linda Owusu-Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Better Regulation ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact

Ghana, like most other developing countries, is not isolated from the global financial crisis through the impact of such a crisis on economies. This paper examines the financial sector reforms and its effect on the Ghanaian economy, within the developing country context in general and in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular. The paper seeks to enhance the understanding of relevant policy measures and reflects on what else could be done. The article further studies the effect of change in the institutional environment on bank governance practices primarily to improve the industry’s supervision and regulation, related to the post-crisis exit strategies. This paper discusses the development of ICT infrastructure and application as a basis for the main dimension of Ghana’s digital transformation in financial services. This paper is, therefore, motivated by the lack of empirical studies that examines how the impact of the banking reforms play a substantial role in promoting innovative digital payment systems to replace cash transactions. From the perspective of institutional theory, the study looked at why (and how) a number of policy measures have a significant impact on the financial performance of banks? And how the applications of e-finance in ICT and financial practices, provides several benefits within the banking sector improve the sector’s image and leads to a broader, faster and more efficient market? The application of Koppenjan and Groenewegen (2005) ‘s four-layer model ‘levels of institutional analysis’ perspective seems to be the most useful starting point, which provides the basis for an improved understanding of revealing the inefficient delivery of Ghanaian banking industry in the past. A combination of a review of secondary and empirical data, interviewed used in the analysis. Findings indicate that the financial and banking sector reforms help the industry   advance digital banking culture and impact on the general expansion of the financial and the infusion of financial inclusion in Ghana. These conclusions would be particularly useful in a similar picture in other developing countries, as well as by the bank authorities to create their future policy. It also joins the debate on the impact of the banking reform, a key turning point towards better regulation to refine crisis prevention and resolution mechanisms.

scholarly journals Fuzje i przejęcia w niemieckim sektorze bankowym w latach 1997–2012

2015 ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Anna Dąbkowska
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Banking Services

Deepening globalisation and liberalisation on the market of banking services make banks worldwide concentrate their capitals. Carefully planned mergers and acquisitions within financial sector are supposed to rise the scale of the businesses and increase their values. This paper is aimed at presenting mergers and acquisitions in German banking sector, focusing only on transactions within particular sub-sectors of German banking system. The analysis covered consolidation processes of all sub-sectors of German banking sector. The most important mergers and acquisitions observed since the financial crisis were presented.

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