scholarly journals Genealogical-Demographic Analysis of the Long-term Adaptation of a Human Population: Methodological Implications.

1994 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
RYUTARO OHTSUKA
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Demographic Analysis

Demographic gaps between Syrian and the European populations: What do they suggest?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Murat Yucesahin ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Transition Theory ◽  
World Population ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Syrian Population ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Near Future

Syrian crisis resulted in at least 6.1 million externally displaced people 983,876 of whom are in Europe while the rest are in neighbouring countries in the region. Turkey, due to its geographical proximity and substantial land borders with the country, has been the most popular destination for those fleeing Syria since April 2011. Especially after 2012, a sharp increase in the number of Syrian refugees arriving in Turkey was witnessed. This has triggered an exponential growth in academic and public interest in Syrian population. Numerous reports mostly based on non-representative sample surveys have been disseminated whilst authoritative robust analyses remained absent. This study aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive demographic analysis of the Syrian population. We focus on the demographic differences (from 1950s to 2015) and demographic trends (from 2015 to 2100) in medium to long term, based on data from World Population Prospects (WPP). We offer a comparative picture to underline potential changes and convergences between populations in Syria, Turkey, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We frame our discussion here with reference to the demographic transition theory to help understanding the implications for movers and non-movers in receiving countries in the near future.

scholarly journals Between Foragers and Farmers: Climate Change and Human Strategies in Northwestern Patagonia

Quaternary ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Adolfo F. Gil ◽  
Ricardo Villalba ◽  
Fernando R. Franchetti ◽  
Clara Otaola ◽  
Cinthia C. Abbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
N Isotopes ◽  
Wild Resources ◽  
C And N

In this paper we explore how changes in human strategies are differentially modulated by climate in a border area between hunter-gatherers and farmers. We analyze multiple proxies: radiocarbon summed probability distributions (SPDs), stable C and N isotopes, and zooarchaeological data from northwestern Patagonia. Based on these proxies, we discuss aspects of human population, subsistence, and dietary dynamics in relation to long-term climatic trends marked by variation in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Our results indicate that the farming frontier in northwestern Patagonia was dynamic in both time and space. We show how changes in temperature and precipitation over the last 1000 years cal BP have influenced the use of domestic plants and the hunting of highest-ranked wild animals, whereas no significant changes in human population size occurred. During the SAM positive phase between 900 and 550 years cal BP, warmer and drier summers are associated with an increase in C4 resource consumption (maize). After 550 years cal BP, when the SAM changes to the negative phase, wetter and cooler summer conditions are related to a change in diet focused on wild resources, especially meat. Over the past 1000 years, there was a non-significant change in the population based on the SPD.

scholarly journals Family Burden and Coping among Caregivers of Schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Geetha ◽  
Dr. M. V. Sudhakaran
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Subjective Burden ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Primary Caretakers ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Coping Scale ◽  
And Coping

Schizophrenia is a strict mental disorder affecting about human population. Being chronic and often incapacitating, it extracts tremendous cost from patients, caregivers and society. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia face stress and emotional hardship and are frequently forced to assume lifelong care-taking roles. Subjective burden refers to the caregivers’ short term and long term reactions to the patient’s symptoms and behaviors, and the care giving task resulting from it. Perceived distress and interpersonal strain are examples. It refers to the extent to which the care giver feels he or she is burdened. This study aims to conducted for analysis the burden and coping among caregivers of schizophrenia. This study conducted with 30 Schizophrenic patients and 30 primary caretakers of the patients, totally 60 samples were studied. The result shows that there is association between burden assessment schedules of caregiver with that of caregivers coping scale. It revealed statistical significance. Low coping score seen in caregiver who had high burden score. Lower burden score seen in caregivers who had high coping level.

scholarly journals Identification of SARS-CoV-2 P.1-related lineages in Brazil provides new insights about the mechanisms of emergence of Variants of Concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Gräf ◽  
Gonzalo Bello ◽  
Taina Moreira Martins Venas ◽  
Elisa Cavalcante Pereira ◽  
Anna Carolina Dias Paixão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Amazonas State

Abstract One of the most remarkable features of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) is the unusually large number of mutations they carry. However, the specific factors that drove the emergence of such variants since the second half of 2020 are not fully resolved. In this study, we described a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage provisionally designated as P.1-like-II that, as well as the previously described lineage P.1-like-I, shares several lineage-defining mutations with the VOC P.1 circulating in Brazil. Reconstructions of P.1 ancestor sequences demonstrate that the entire constellation of mutations that define the VOC P.1 did not accumulate within a single long-term infected individual, but was acquired by sequential addition during interhost transmissions. Our evolutionary analyses further estimate that P.1-ancestors strains carrying half of the P.1-lineage-defining mutations, including those at the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein, circulated cryptically in the Amazonas state since August 2020. This evolutionary pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that partial human population immunity acquired from natural SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first half of 2020 might have been the major driving force behind natural selection that allowed VOCs' emergence and worldwide spread. These findings also support a long lag-time between the emergence of variants with key mutations of concern and expansion of the VOC P.1 in Brazil.

Effects of remarriage after widowhood on long-term fitness in a monogamous historical human population

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni E Pettay ◽  
Anna Rotkirch ◽  
Alexandre Courtiol ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Virpi Lummaa
Keyword(s):  
Human Population

Sustainable Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy N. Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Living Species

This entry describes how the viability of long-term human social systems is inextricably linked to human behavior, environmental resources, the health of the biosphere, and human relationships with all living species. New ways of thinking and acting in our engagement with the biosphere are explored, with attention to new ways of measuring well-being to understand the global relationships among human settlements, food security, human population growth, and especially alternative economic efforts based on prosperity rather than on growth. The challenge of social work is to engage in socioecological activities that will prevent and slow additional damage to the biosphere while at the same time helping human populations to develop the cultural adaptation and resilience required to confront increasing weather disasters; displacement resulting from rising seas; drought conditions that severely affect food supplies; the loss of biodiversity, soils, forests, fisheries, and clean air; and other challenges to human social organizations.

scholarly journals Why has mortality in England and Wales been increasing? An iterative demographic analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda Hiam ◽  
Danny Dorling ◽  
Dominic Harrison ◽  
Martin McKee
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
Post War

Objectives To understand why mortality increased in England and Wales in 2015. Design Iterative demographic analysis. Setting England and Wales Participants Population of England and Wales. Main outcome measures Causes and ages at death contributing to life expectancy changes between 2013 and 2015. Results The long-term decline in age-standardised mortality in England and Wales was reversed in 2011. Although there was a small fall in mortality rates between 2013 and 2014, in 2015 we then saw one of the largest increases in deaths in the post-war period. Nonetheless, mortality in 2015 was higher than in any year since 2008. A small decline in life expectancy at birth between 2013 and 2015 was not significant but declines in life expectancy at ages over 60 were. The largest contributors to the observed changes in life expectancy were in those aged over 85 years, with dementias making the greatest contributions in both sexes. However, changes in coding practices and diagnosis of dementia demands caution in interpreting this finding. Conclusions The long-term decline in mortality in England and Wales has reversed, with approximately 30,000 extra deaths compared to what would be expected if the average age-specific death rates in 2006–2014 had continued. These excess deaths are largely in the older population, who are most dependent on health and social care. The major contributor, based on reported causes of death, was dementia but caution was advised in this interpretation. The role of the health and social care system is explored in an accompanying paper.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES – A MEDICAL APPRAISAL1

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Zavon
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Clinical Investigations

New analytical procedures make it possible to detect pesticide residues in food at a fraction of the level previously detectable. The possibility exists that products formerly thought to have no residues will now be shown to have them. Fear has been voiced that pesticide residues may cause disease. If pesticide residues in food are shown to be more widespread than formerly believed, this fear of danger may be further stimulated. Investigations among the human population have failed to reveal any deleterious effects from pesticide residues in food. Nor is there any other positive evidence of effect on the human population resulting from pesticide residues. Analysis of mortality statistics tends to show many more likely reasons than the introduction of pesticides for changes in causes of death. There is no reliable evidence that the leading causes of death have been influenced by pesticide exposure in food or otherwise. Despite this absence of positive information there is no doubt that we need quantitative investigations to determine the actual exposure of the population to pesticide residues and long term, carefully controlled clinical investigations to determine whether or not injury actually occurs.

scholarly journals Beyond lifetime reproductive success: the posthumous reproductive dynamics of male Trinidadian guppies

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20131116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés López-Sepulcre ◽  
Swanne P. Gordon ◽  
Ian G. Paterson ◽  
Paul Bentzen ◽  
David N. Reznick
Keyword(s):  
Generation Time ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Genotype Diversity ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Posthumous Reproduction

In semelparous populations, dormant germ banks (e.g. seeds) have been proposed as important in maintaining genotypes that are adaptive at different times in fluctuating environments. Such hidden storage of genetic diversity need not be exclusive to dormant banks. Genotype diversity may be preserved in many iteroparous animals through sperm-storage mechanisms in females. This allows males to reproduce posthumously and increase the effective sizes of seemingly female-biased populations. Although long-term sperm storage has been demonstrated in many organisms, the understanding of its importance in the wild is very poor. We here show the prevalence of male posthumous reproduction in wild Trinidadian guppies, through the combination of mark–recapture and pedigree analyses of a multigenerational individual-based dataset. A significant proportion of the reproductive population consisted of dead males, who could conceive up to 10 months after death (the maximum allowed by the length of the dataset), which is more than twice the estimated generation time. Demographic analysis shows that the fecundity of dead males can play an important role in population growth and selection.

The Expanding Sahara

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
The South

The belts of savanna lying to the south of the Sahara are described. Evidence is then presented which suggests that these have been created from forest by shifting cultivation and the use of fire: they have probably developed contemporaneously with the evolution of Man and increase in human population. The effect of climatic changes in creating desert are discussed, and the conclusion is reached that present conditions in much of the Sahara have been engendered almost entirely by human activities. These include felling of trees for firewood and charcoal, or to make their leaves accessible to stock in times of drought and, even more important, overgrazing—especially by goats. Finally, it is suggested that, in the long term, agriculture may not be the most promising way of developing arid regions. Overstocking the savanna and desert must inevitably lead to disaster.

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