Effects of remarriage after widowhood on long-term fitness in a monogamous historical human population

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni E Pettay ◽  
Anna Rotkirch ◽  
Alexandre Courtiol ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Virpi Lummaa
Keyword(s):  
Human Population

scholarly journals Between Foragers and Farmers: Climate Change and Human Strategies in Northwestern Patagonia

Quaternary ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Adolfo F. Gil ◽  
Ricardo Villalba ◽  
Fernando R. Franchetti ◽  
Clara Otaola ◽  
Cinthia C. Abbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
N Isotopes ◽  
Wild Resources ◽  
C And N

In this paper we explore how changes in human strategies are differentially modulated by climate in a border area between hunter-gatherers and farmers. We analyze multiple proxies: radiocarbon summed probability distributions (SPDs), stable C and N isotopes, and zooarchaeological data from northwestern Patagonia. Based on these proxies, we discuss aspects of human population, subsistence, and dietary dynamics in relation to long-term climatic trends marked by variation in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Our results indicate that the farming frontier in northwestern Patagonia was dynamic in both time and space. We show how changes in temperature and precipitation over the last 1000 years cal BP have influenced the use of domestic plants and the hunting of highest-ranked wild animals, whereas no significant changes in human population size occurred. During the SAM positive phase between 900 and 550 years cal BP, warmer and drier summers are associated with an increase in C4 resource consumption (maize). After 550 years cal BP, when the SAM changes to the negative phase, wetter and cooler summer conditions are related to a change in diet focused on wild resources, especially meat. Over the past 1000 years, there was a non-significant change in the population based on the SPD.

scholarly journals Family Burden and Coping among Caregivers of Schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Geetha ◽  
Dr. M. V. Sudhakaran
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Subjective Burden ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Primary Caretakers ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Coping Scale ◽  
And Coping

Schizophrenia is a strict mental disorder affecting about human population. Being chronic and often incapacitating, it extracts tremendous cost from patients, caregivers and society. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia face stress and emotional hardship and are frequently forced to assume lifelong care-taking roles. Subjective burden refers to the caregivers’ short term and long term reactions to the patient’s symptoms and behaviors, and the care giving task resulting from it. Perceived distress and interpersonal strain are examples. It refers to the extent to which the care giver feels he or she is burdened. This study aims to conducted for analysis the burden and coping among caregivers of schizophrenia. This study conducted with 30 Schizophrenic patients and 30 primary caretakers of the patients, totally 60 samples were studied. The result shows that there is association between burden assessment schedules of caregiver with that of caregivers coping scale. It revealed statistical significance. Low coping score seen in caregiver who had high burden score. Lower burden score seen in caregivers who had high coping level.

scholarly journals Identification of SARS-CoV-2 P.1-related lineages in Brazil provides new insights about the mechanisms of emergence of Variants of Concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Gräf ◽  
Gonzalo Bello ◽  
Taina Moreira Martins Venas ◽  
Elisa Cavalcante Pereira ◽  
Anna Carolina Dias Paixão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Amazonas State

Abstract One of the most remarkable features of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) is the unusually large number of mutations they carry. However, the specific factors that drove the emergence of such variants since the second half of 2020 are not fully resolved. In this study, we described a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage provisionally designated as P.1-like-II that, as well as the previously described lineage P.1-like-I, shares several lineage-defining mutations with the VOC P.1 circulating in Brazil. Reconstructions of P.1 ancestor sequences demonstrate that the entire constellation of mutations that define the VOC P.1 did not accumulate within a single long-term infected individual, but was acquired by sequential addition during interhost transmissions. Our evolutionary analyses further estimate that P.1-ancestors strains carrying half of the P.1-lineage-defining mutations, including those at the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein, circulated cryptically in the Amazonas state since August 2020. This evolutionary pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that partial human population immunity acquired from natural SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first half of 2020 might have been the major driving force behind natural selection that allowed VOCs' emergence and worldwide spread. These findings also support a long lag-time between the emergence of variants with key mutations of concern and expansion of the VOC P.1 in Brazil.

Sustainable Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy N. Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Living Species

This entry describes how the viability of long-term human social systems is inextricably linked to human behavior, environmental resources, the health of the biosphere, and human relationships with all living species. New ways of thinking and acting in our engagement with the biosphere are explored, with attention to new ways of measuring well-being to understand the global relationships among human settlements, food security, human population growth, and especially alternative economic efforts based on prosperity rather than on growth. The challenge of social work is to engage in socioecological activities that will prevent and slow additional damage to the biosphere while at the same time helping human populations to develop the cultural adaptation and resilience required to confront increasing weather disasters; displacement resulting from rising seas; drought conditions that severely affect food supplies; the loss of biodiversity, soils, forests, fisheries, and clean air; and other challenges to human social organizations.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES – A MEDICAL APPRAISAL1

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Zavon
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Clinical Investigations

New analytical procedures make it possible to detect pesticide residues in food at a fraction of the level previously detectable. The possibility exists that products formerly thought to have no residues will now be shown to have them. Fear has been voiced that pesticide residues may cause disease. If pesticide residues in food are shown to be more widespread than formerly believed, this fear of danger may be further stimulated. Investigations among the human population have failed to reveal any deleterious effects from pesticide residues in food. Nor is there any other positive evidence of effect on the human population resulting from pesticide residues. Analysis of mortality statistics tends to show many more likely reasons than the introduction of pesticides for changes in causes of death. There is no reliable evidence that the leading causes of death have been influenced by pesticide exposure in food or otherwise. Despite this absence of positive information there is no doubt that we need quantitative investigations to determine the actual exposure of the population to pesticide residues and long term, carefully controlled clinical investigations to determine whether or not injury actually occurs.

The Expanding Sahara

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
The South

The belts of savanna lying to the south of the Sahara are described. Evidence is then presented which suggests that these have been created from forest by shifting cultivation and the use of fire: they have probably developed contemporaneously with the evolution of Man and increase in human population. The effect of climatic changes in creating desert are discussed, and the conclusion is reached that present conditions in much of the Sahara have been engendered almost entirely by human activities. These include felling of trees for firewood and charcoal, or to make their leaves accessible to stock in times of drought and, even more important, overgrazing—especially by goats. Finally, it is suggested that, in the long term, agriculture may not be the most promising way of developing arid regions. Overstocking the savanna and desert must inevitably lead to disaster.

scholarly journals PROGRAMMING GENES IN BRAIN AND PROBLEM OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ОF MAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283
Author(s):  
B. B. Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor Gene ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Social Recognition Memory

Transcription factors programmed genes of brain cells. Then proteins synthesized form long term memory. Two genes of hormone vasopressin receptor – genes of altruism / selfishnessand one oxytocin receptor gene provide social recognition, memory and behavior. Human population divided into three groups: homozygous altruists, homozygous egoists and heterozygous group containing both vasopressin genes. Behavior genes programming in the last group occurs within the first two weeks of life. Negative programming of masses of people in this group could be the cause of social disasters in the twentieth century.

scholarly journals A general model for the demographic signatures of the transition from pandemic emergence to endemicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (33) ◽  
pp. eabf9040
Author(s):  
Ruiyun Li ◽  
C. Jessica E. Metcalf ◽  
Nils Chr. Stenseth ◽  
Ottar N. Bjørnstad
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
Mixing Patterns ◽  
Age Structured

Anticipating the medium- and long-term trajectory of pathogen emergence has acquired new urgency given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. For many human pathogens, the burden of disease depends on age and previous exposure. Understanding the intersection between human population demography and transmission dynamics is therefore critical. Here, we develop a realistic age-structured mathematical model that integrates demography, social mixing, and immunity to establish a plausible range for future age incidence and mortality. With respect to COVID-19, we identify a plausible transition in the age structure of risks once the disease reaches seasonal endemism across a range of immunity durations and relative severity of primary versus subsequent reinfections. We train the model using diverse real-world demographies and age-structured mixing to bound expectations for changing age incidence and disease burden. The mathematical framework is flexible and can help tailor mitigation strategies in countries worldwide with varying demographies and social mixing patterns.

scholarly journals LONG-TERM MONITORING OF WATER DYNAMICS IN THE SAHEL REGION USING THE MULTI-SAR-SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bertram ◽  
A. Wendleder ◽  
A. Schmitt ◽  
M. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
Term Monitoring

Fresh water is a scarce resource in the West-African Sahel region, seasonally influenced by droughts and floods. Particularly in terms of climate change, the importance of wetlands increases for flora, fauna, human population, agriculture, livestock and fishery. Hence, access to open water is a key factor. Long-term monitoring of water dynamics is of great importance, especially with regard to the spatio-temporal extend of wetlands and drylands. It can predict future trends and facilitate the development of adequate management strategies. Lake Tabalak, a Ramsar wetland of international importance, is one of the most significant ponds in Niger and a refuge for waterbirds. Nevertheless, human population growth increased the pressure on this ecosystem, which is now degrading for all uses. The main objective of the study is a long-term monitoring of the Lake Tabalak’s water dynamics to delineate permanent and seasonal water bodies, using weather- and daytime-independent multi-sensor and multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data available for the study area. Data of the following sensors from 1993 until 2016 are used: Sentinel-1A, TerraSARX, ALOS PALSAR-1/2, Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-1/2, and ERS-1/2. All SAR data are processed with the Multi-SAR-System, unifying the different characteristics of all above mentioned sensors in terms of geometric, radiometric and polarimetric resolution to a consistent format. The polarimetric representation in Kennaugh elements allows fusing single-polarized data acquired by older sensors with multi-polarized data acquired by current sensors. The TANH-normalization guarantees a consistent and therefore comparable description in a closed data range in terms of radiometry. The geometric aspect is solved by projecting all images to an earth-fixed coordinate system correcting the brightness by the help of the incidence angle. The elevation model used in the geocoding step is the novel global model produced by the TanDEM-X satellite mission. The advantage of the Multi-SAR-System is that it comprises ortho-rectification, radiometric enhancement, normalization and Kennaugh decomposition, independent from sensors, modes, polarizations or acquisition date of SAR data. In addition, optical satellite data can be included as well, to fill gaps where SAR data are missing due to the special normalization scheme. This kind of pre-processing is exclusively implemented at the Earth Observation Center of the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Therefore, the dynamic change of the open water of the Lake Tabalak could be classified over dry and rainy seasons and years, using different SAR data. The study provides a unique database and contributes to a better understanding of wetland systems in the Sahel region influenced by human pressure and climate change.

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