scholarly journals Effect of modified hydrotalcites on flame retardancy and physical properties of paper

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 3991-4005
Author(s):  
Songlin Wang ◽  
Xuxu Yang ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Zongjia Song ◽  
Hehe Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Functionalized layered double hydroxides (LDHs) based on a multi-modifier system composed of itaconic acid (ITA) and titanate coupling agent (NDZ-201) were designed and fabricated in this paper with the aim to develop high-performance fire retardant paper. The structure of LDHs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopic analysis, cone calorimetry, and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that carbonate anions were partially replaced by ITA, whereas the titanate coupling agent was attached to the surfaces of the hydrotalcites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), TGA curves, total heat release rate (THR), and heat release rate (HRR) indicated that as the addition of hydrotalcites increased, the modified LDHs’ LOI value and thermal stability noticeably increased compared to the unmodified hydrotalcites, and the HRR and THR of the material decreased. When the addition amount was 25%, the LOI of ITA-LDHs was 26.9%. However, the Mg-Al hydrotalcites adversely affected the strength index of flame-retardant paper; the modified hydrotalcites clearly reduced this effect, and the whiteness of paper increased and reached 83%.

Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousof M Ghazzawi ◽  
Andres F Osorio ◽  
Michael T Heitzmann
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Fire Properties

The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.

scholarly journals Flame-Retardant and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Caged Phosphate Charring Agent with Melamine Pyrophosphate for Polypropylene

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejun Lai ◽  
Jiedong Qiu ◽  
Hongqiang Li ◽  
Xingrong Zeng ◽  
Shuang Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermal Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Ul 94

An efficient caged phosphate charring agent named PEPA was synthesized and combined with melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) to flame-retard polypropylene (PP). The effects of MPP/PEPA on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of PP were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetric test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that PEPA showed an outstanding synergistic effect with MPP in flame retardant PP. When the content of PEPA was 13.3 wt% and MPP was 6.7 wt%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PP was 33.0% and the UL-94 test was classed as a V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AV-HRR), and average mass loss rate (AV-MLR) of the mixture were significantly reduced. The flame-retardant and thermal degradation mechanism of MPP/PEPA was investigated by TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG-FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS). It revealed that MPP/PEPA could generate the triazine oligomer and phosphorus-containing compound radicals which changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP. Meanwhile, a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed and covered on the matrix surface to prevent PP from degrading and burning.

The influence of various/different ratios synthetic fiber mixture on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and flammability properties of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832096353
Author(s):  
Seda Hazer ◽  
Ayse Aytac
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Polycarbonate (PC) blend has gained much attention as a bio-based polymeric material in various industrial fields. This study aims to improve the properties of PLA/PC blend reinforced with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) mixture to be produced for industrial use. For this purpose, 50PLA/50PC blend was prepared and used as a control sample. Then, 30% by weight CF and 30% GF were added to the matrix separately. To examine the effect of the use of CF and GF together, the composites were prepared as a mixture form of fibers by adding 5-10-15% CF and 5-10-15% GF, respectively, to the control blend in pairs. All composites compounded with the laboratory-scale twin-screw mini extruder and molded by injection molding. The effects of using synthetic fiber mixture were evaluated in terms of the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR) test were carried for the characterization of composites. The highest tensile strength values ​​and maximum % crystallinity values were obtained for the 15CF/15GF fiber mixture containing PLA/PC composite as 113.7 MPa and 21.4, respectively. CO yield (COY), HRR, and total heat release rate were reduced significantly by using synthetic fibers and fiber mixture.

scholarly journals Estimation of heat release rate for polymer–filler composites by cone calorimetry

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xuyun Wang ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
A Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polymer Filler

scholarly journals Study of the effect of pvp k30 in the enhancement of solubility of telmisartan by polymer assisted crystal agglomeration using polymer enriched bridging liquid technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2290-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K ◽  
Seenivasan P ◽  
Arul K ◽  
Senthil kumar M
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dissolution Enhancement ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Polymer Enriched Bridging liquid is a novel approach for enhancing the flow characteristics, properties, solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. is an orally effective II receptor antagonist used extensively for the effective management of hypertension. is a poorly water-soluble drug and an ideal candidate for this approach. PVPK30 is used as the hydrophilic polymer. Various formulations were prepared with the addition of PVPK30 in the bridging liquid by Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid Technique (PEBL). The preparations were subjected to particle size analysis, characteristics, FTIR, differential scanning (DSC) and Scanning Electron microscopic analysis. The crystal agglomerates were found to be spherical in nature with excellent flow characteristics. The of the pure drug was found to be decreased without any drug-polymer interaction. The saturation solubility studies showed that the optimized formulation STP04 showed 30.695 folds increase in solubility in water and 29.462 folds enhancement in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer. The in drug release studies also confirmed the enhancement in dissolution rate. The stability of the prepared aggregates was determined by accelerated stability studies. The addition of polymer in the bridging liquid during crystallization stage improved the effective incorporation of the hydrophilic polymer in the aggregates. Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid technique can be considered as an ideal technique for solubility and dissolution enhancement.

scholarly journals Investigations of the Montmorillonite and Aluminium Trihydrate Addition Effects on the Ignitability and Thermal Stability of Asphalt

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhu ◽  
Ke Wu ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Zhiyi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Modified Montmorillonite ◽  
Organically Modified Montmorillonite ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

By means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter, and TG-DSC tests, this paper investigated the effect of unmodified montmorillonite (MMT), organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and aluminium trihydrate (ATH) additions on the flame retardancy for asphalt combustion. Experimental results showed that adding a small amount of montmorillonite did not significantly increase the oxygen index of the asphalt but reduced the heat release rate during asphalt combustion. TGA tests had indicated that the montmorillonite (MMT and OMMT) could suppress the release of flammable volatiles and form more asphaltenes, which hence postponed the burnout time of asphalt. Furthermore, the combination of montmorillonite (MMT and OMMT) and ATH had yielded a synergistic effect, which had further reduced the heat release rate and also increased the oxygen index of asphalt. In particular, after further addition of OMMT, the barrier layer showed less crack, leading to a significant decrease in the heat release rate as compared to the adding of ATH alone.

Flame-retardant mechanism of zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide in aluminum hypophosphite–based combination for TPE-S composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). TPE-S containing 16 wt% aluminum hypophosphite, 20 wt% melamine cyanurate, and 10 wt% poly(phenylene oxide) pass a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test and its limiting oxygen index value is 28.2%. Zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide were added to modify the AHP/MCA/PPO formulation. Thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared analysis tests showed that aluminum hypophosphite and melaminecyanurate acted in gaseous phase while aluminum hypophosphite and poly(phenylene oxide) helped to form char residue. TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO significantly decreased the heat release rate (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry results demonstrated that zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide promoted to retain more P and O elements in residue. Zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide in AHP/MCA/PPO formulation enhanced the char formation and reduced gas evolution of TPE-S, thus deteriorating the combination between gaseous phase and condensed phase.

Emerging advancements in flame retardancy of polypropylene nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572093078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Igwe Idumah
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Total Mass Loss ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Scope Of Application

Polypropylene (PP) burns very rapidly due to its wholly aliphatic hydrocarbon structure. Studies have shown that the rapid decomposition and flammability of PP are very high when compared with wood and other cellulosic materials. This has limited the application of PP and necessitated the need to inculcate flame-retardant (FR) behaviour to PP to further widen its scope of application especially in areas where FR is paramount. With the advent of nanotechnology, increasing inclusion of FR nanofillers in PP has demonstrated propensity to repressing critical flammability parameters such as heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, rate of carbon monoxide production, smoke production rate and total mass loss rate while simultaneously increasing limiting oxygen index, time of ignition and total peak of heat release rate. This efficiently represses PP flammability and provides greater opportunity to minimize loss and risks to life in actual fire scenario through creation of equal layers of carbonaceous char in the condensed phase capable of suppressing the thermal decomposition caused by oxygen and heat to PP matrix, thus effectively cutting-off the fire path. This article reviews recent developments in FR of PP composites, nanocomposites and nano-biocomposites. Market structures are also presented.

Fire Performance of Nylon Nanocomposites Fabricated by Melt Intercalation

2007 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 737-740
Author(s):  
Russel J. Varley ◽  
Andrew M. Groth ◽  
Kok Hoong Leong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
In Fire

This paper presents results of a study carried out to evaluate the effects of an organomodified nanoclay, either on its own or in combination with a polyimide, upon the fire performance of a commercially available nylon. The fire performance, as determined using cone calorimetry showed that up to 40% improvement in the peak heat release rate could be achieved at addition levels of only around 5wt% of nanoclay. The level of improvement was shown to be strongly dependent upon nanoscale dispersion with a more highly exfoliated morphology, as determined using transmission electron microscopy, which showed a greater reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to a more ordered intercalated structure. Investigation of the mechanism of fire retardancy showed that the reduction in the heat release rate is due to the nanoclay reinforcing the char layer which prevented combustible products from entering in to the gaseous phase. Generally, though, the time to ignition is unaffected by nanoclay additions. The addition of the polyimide to the nanoclay reinforced nylon was inconclusive showing little evidence of further improvements in fire performance.

Cone calorimeter evaluation of reinforced hybrid wood–aluminum composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
Junfeng Hou ◽  
Zhiyong Cai ◽  
Keyang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Alloy Sheet ◽  
Aluminum Alloy Sheet ◽  
Aluminum Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Combustion Performance

Combustion performance for three types of wood–aluminum composites was investigated using cone calorimetry tests. The results revealed that time to ignition of the specimens was increased and more than 100 times after the lamination of 1.6-mm-thick aluminum alloy sheet on the surface (from 17 to 1990 s). And residual mass of the wood–aluminum composites was improved and almost quadrupled (from 21.795% to 81.664%). The peak heat release rate, average heat release rate, total heat release, and mean mass loss rate of wood–aluminum composites with 1.6-mm-thick aluminum alloy sheet on the surface were decreased to 70.18%, 48.71%, 24.27%, and 80.60%, respectively. However, yields of both CO and CO2 are slightly improved with the increase in the thickness of aluminum alloy sheet because of incomplete combustion. The application of aluminum alloy sheets to the wood-based composites is an effective method for improving the combustion performance.

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