scholarly journals Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8235-8248
Author(s):  
Se-Hwi Park ◽  
Min Lee ◽  
Eun-Chang Kang ◽  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Kugbo Shim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Resistance Performance ◽  
Co Emission

Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.

Research on the Combustibility of PI Needle Punched Nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 1335-1338
Author(s):  
Shu Gan Li ◽  
Xiao Ning Jiao ◽  
Qing Long Jia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Resistance Performance

This paper demonstrates the combustibility of PI needle punched nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter. Ignition parameter, heat release parameters, smoke and toxicity parameters and mass loss parameters of the fabric were obtained from it. It was found that ignition time is 38 s; the peak of heat release rate is 65 kW/m2; total heat release is 7 MJ/m2; smoke release rate is 1.5 L/s; smoke factor is 1.3 MW/m2 and mass lose rate is 73.3%. Therefore the results show that PI needle punched nonwovens has excellent fire-resistance performance.

scholarly journals Cone calorimetric fire properties and thermal analysis of polyester-banana peduncle fibre composite fused with bio-fire retardant additive

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Mbamalu Ezeh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Reinforcement Material

Abstract Background Lately, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are integrated with natural fillers to harvest composites. Due to an excellent property profile, these composites find wide applications in engineering fields. This research work aimed to investigate the parameters that influence the thermal degradation of Polyester-Banana peduncle fibre-reinforced composite incorporated with cow horn ash particle (CHAp) as a fire retardant additive and optimize the total heat produced for the smaller the better. The major instruments used in this study were cone calorimeter and the thermogravimetric analyser. Result The parameters considered were time, reinforcement type, and weight per cent of reinforcement material. The composites were made by varying the ratios of CHAp and BPF in the polyester matrix from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5 and 7.5:7.5 and 10:10 weight per cent. The flammability properties of the developed composites were examined, using a cone calorimeter. The controlling parameters were analysed using the Taguchi robust design method. The ANOVA showed that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate (81.72%). The weight per cent reinforcement type (10.37%) and reinforcement type (5.28%) had smaller influences on the heat release rate. The S/N ratio obtained, using optimal testing shows that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate, followed by weight per cent of reinforcement type, while reinforcement type had the least influence. The corresponding multiple regression models for total heat released revealed that the total heat release rate increased with an increase in time and reinforcement type and decreased with an increase in weight per cent of the fire retardant additive material. Conclusion This work indicated that the parameter design of the Taguchi method provided an efficient methodology for the analyses of the effects of thermal degradation parameters of composites. The controlling parameters of time, the weight of reinforcement material and the type of reinforcement material had significant contributions to the value of heat production during composites thermal decomposition. Time had the greatest contribution, followed by the weight of reinforcement type, and type of reinforcement material.

Cone Calorimeter Analysis on the Fire-Resistant Properties of FRW Fire-Retardant Particleboard

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2142-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
High Increase

The fire-resistant properties of FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard had been measured under a heat flux of 75 kW/m2 by cone calorimeter (CONE). Through the compare between FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard, the influence on the particleboard by FRW fire retardant had been indicated. The results showed that the indexes of heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and efficient heat combustion (EHC) etc of FRW fire-retardant particleboard were obviously reduced contrast to the ordinary particleboard, but the char-forming rate had a high increase.

scholarly journals Effect of pre-treatments and additives on the improvement of cement wood composite: A review

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7288-7308
Author(s):  
Fatima Z. Brahmia ◽  
Péter György Horváth ◽  
Tibor L. Alpár
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Magnesium Compounds ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Manufacturing Time

Cement wood composites (CWC) are a popular construction material. Lightweight or panel-wise wood-based buildings have a growing market in central Europe. Requirements and regulations on both the global and national level are forcing continuous developments. This paper summarizes the research achievements in improving the hygroscopic and mechanical properties and shortening the manufacturing time of CWC via pre-treatments and additives. In addition, new perspectives on enhancing its fire resistance properties by using fire retardant pre-treatments are discussed. CWC without any pre-treatment is a material within the B-s1, d0 category of fire resistance. Using fire retardants could upgrade it to the category A1 but the fire retardants should not affect the primary properties of CWC. There are a number of potential fire retardants of wood that may be used, such as phosphorus, boron, and magnesium compounds.

scholarly journals Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5978
Author(s):  
Riyazuddin ◽  
Samrin Bano ◽  
Fohad Mabood Husain ◽  
Jamal Akhter Siddique ◽  
Khadijah H. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Major Drawback

Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.

Investigation of Flammable Behavior of Nylon 6 Fabrics with and without Spandex Using Cone Calorimeter Test and Vertical Burning Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 644-647
Author(s):  
Sheng Li Luo ◽  
Hai Liang Zhang ◽  
Zhi Cheng Zhan ◽  
Bing He Mao ◽  
Zhi Jie Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Nylon Fiber

To study the influence of spandex on combustion behavior of textile fabrics, two kinds of nylon 6 fabrics were tested using cone calorimeter test and vertical burning test. Some key combustion parameters such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and rate of smoke release (RSR) were obtained from cone calorimeter test and afterflame time and damaged length from vertical burning test. Results indicated that the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex showed 21% higher HRR value. But THRs of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex and the pure nylon 6 fabric were close. RSR curves indicated that RSR value of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex was 73% higher than that of the pure nylon 6 fabric. The afterflame time and damaged length of the nylon 6 fabric containing spandex were much longer than that of the pure nylon 6 fabric. Spandex does accelerate the combustion behavior on Nylon fiber.

Fire Retardant Performance of FRW Treated Larch-Veneer Polymer Composite

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 2344-2348
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Li ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Qing Wen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Wood Veneer ◽  
Larch Wood ◽  
Wood Polymer ◽  
Polymer Loading ◽  
Peak Value

To characterize the combustion behavior of wood-polymer composite (WPC), plain larch wood veneer (PLW), treated with or without fire-retardant FRW, was impregnated in the solution of monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) and initiator azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), then heat-cured by the protection of nitrogen gas, and then analyzed by a cone calorimeter using PLW as control. The results showed that the heat and smoke release of the composites with and without FRW increased with the increase of the polymer loading; that compared to PLW the time to ignition(TTI) prolonged, the distribution region of heat release rate(HRR) of WPC broadened, the total heat release(THR) increased and the smoke ratio(SR) increased; that the FRW treatment of PLW resulted in the significant fire retardation effects to the WPC, which caused decreases in the peak value of HRR, SR and THR.

Thermal degradation and flammability properties of multilayer structured wood fiber and polypropylene composites with fire retardants

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (17) ◽  
pp. 13890-13897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichao Sun ◽  
Qinglin Wu ◽  
Yanjun Xie ◽  
Fengqiang Wang ◽  
Qingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites

Single and multi-layer structured wood fiber and polypropylene composites filled with fire retardants were prepared. Fire retardant property of composites were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

INVESTIGATION INTO THE INFLUENCE OF IMPREGNATION ON PINE TIMBER COMBUSTION USING A CONE CALORIMETER AND LARGE SCALE TESTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Gałaj ◽  
Zbignev Karpovič ◽  
Waldemar Jaskółowski
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Co Concentration ◽  
Piloted Ignition

Fire safety is one of the main requirements with respect to the regulations on the buildings involved into the category of human hazards. Human safety measures are applied equally to inhabitants, users, customers, spectators, etc., as well as to fire brigades taking part in the activities connected with rescue actions. Methods for emission research were applied to estimate thermo-kinetic parameters related to smoke and toxic gases. The methods fall into two types: full scale methods reflect fire conditions and small laboratory scale methods having a significantly lower degree of reflection. This paper presents the results of studies on the influence of BAK-1 and Flamasepas-2 fire retardants produced in Lithuania and applied for timber on the selected parameters of the fire environment. Experimental studies were conducted using a cone calorimeter (small scale) in the closed compartment equipped with measuring devices (full scale). The undertaken studies have demonstrated that considering some parameters, such as heat release rate (HRR), a positive effect of the lower amount of the released heat can be obtained. Unfortunately, in case of the major part of the studied parameters, including time to ignition, CO concentration and extinction parameter reflecting smokiness, worse results (shorter time, higher CO values and higher extinction coefficient) have been observed for the treated timber rather than for the non-impregnated one. The obtained results have showed combustion with piloted ignition. In case of no piloted ignition, the results were slightly different. For all studied specimens treated with fire retardants, no ignition was observed and tests were terminated following 15 minutes. CO concentration and extinction parameter (smokiness) were higher for non-impregnated timber. Full scale experiments have confirmed the above provided information; moreover, it has been found that the application of fire retardant has no significant impact on temperatures in the compartment.

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