Fire Retardant Performance of FRW Treated Larch-Veneer Polymer Composite

To characterize the combustion behavior of wood-polymer composite (WPC), plain larch wood veneer (PLW), treated with or without fire-retardant FRW, was impregnated in the solution of monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) and initiator azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), then heat-cured by the protection of nitrogen gas, and then analyzed by a cone calorimeter using PLW as control. The results showed that the heat and smoke release of the composites with and without FRW increased with the increase of the polymer loading; that compared to PLW the time to ignition(TTI) prolonged, the distribution region of heat release rate(HRR) of WPC broadened, the total heat release(THR) increased and the smoke ratio(SR) increased; that the FRW treatment of PLW resulted in the significant fire retardation effects to the WPC, which caused decreases in the peak value of HRR, SR and THR.

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Study of Processing Parameters of Preparation of Wood-Polymer Composite by Synthesis of Terpolymer in Wood Porous Structure

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.181 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 450 ◽

pp. 181-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yong Feng Li ◽

Yi Xing Liu ◽

Feng Hu Wang ◽

Duo Jun Lv ◽

Chi Jiang

Keyword(s):

Porous Structure ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Polymer Composite ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Wood Polymer ◽

Polymer Loading ◽

Wood Polymer Composite

Inspired from the natural porous structure of wood, a novel wood-polymer composite combining both advantages of wood with high strength-to-weight ratio as a natural renewable resource and polymer as a reinforcer was manufactured by synthesis of terpolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA), Styrene (St) and Vinyl Acetate (VAc) inside wood. The three kinds of monomers with a few of 2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, as well as some additives were first impregnated into wood porous structure under a pressure condition, and then initiated for terpolymerization through a catalyst-thermal treatment. The impregnating conditions containing pressure value and pressure time, and polymerizing crafts including heating temperature and heating time, as well as additive content were confirmed according to rate of monomer loading and rate of polymer loading inside wood. Results indicate that among these influencing factors, pressure and temperature were the significant influencing factors; and the rate of monomer loading and rate of polymer loading linearly positive correlated to them, respectively. SEM observation shows that the terpolymer fully filled in wood porous structure under the optimum manufacturing craft.

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Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.4.8235-8248 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 8235-8248

Author(s):

Se-Hwi Park ◽

Min Lee ◽

Eun-Chang Kang ◽

Sang-Min Lee ◽

Kugbo Shim

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Fire Resistance ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Fire Retardants ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Complete Combustion ◽

Resistance Performance ◽

Co Emission

Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.

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Research on Fire Retardant Performance of Chinese Fir with the Compound of Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate and SiO2 Gels

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.175 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 477 ◽

pp. 175-184

Author(s):

Qing Qing Ye ◽

Xiao Qian Qian ◽

Jun Ying Lai

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Ignition Time ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Chinese Fir ◽

Total Heat ◽

Fire Retardancy ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate

The environmental fire retardant mentioned in this paper was compounded of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and silicon dioxygen(SiO2)gels. Specimens of Chinese fir were impregnated with the compound by pressure and its fire retardant performance was studied. Results showed that, the anti-loss performance of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate was improved obviously. Compared with the untreated specimen, total heat release of the treated specimens decreased by 44.5% on average, while heat release rate decreased by 50.85% on average and ignition time prolonged obviously, which indicates that this compound possess good fire retardancy effect

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Cone calorimetric fire properties and thermal analysis of polyester-banana peduncle fibre composite fused with bio-fire retardant additive

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00652-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ernest Mbamalu Ezeh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Research Work ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Total Heat ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Reinforcement Material

Abstract Background Lately, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are integrated with natural fillers to harvest composites. Due to an excellent property profile, these composites find wide applications in engineering fields. This research work aimed to investigate the parameters that influence the thermal degradation of Polyester-Banana peduncle fibre-reinforced composite incorporated with cow horn ash particle (CHAp) as a fire retardant additive and optimize the total heat produced for the smaller the better. The major instruments used in this study were cone calorimeter and the thermogravimetric analyser. Result The parameters considered were time, reinforcement type, and weight per cent of reinforcement material. The composites were made by varying the ratios of CHAp and BPF in the polyester matrix from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5 and 7.5:7.5 and 10:10 weight per cent. The flammability properties of the developed composites were examined, using a cone calorimeter. The controlling parameters were analysed using the Taguchi robust design method. The ANOVA showed that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate (81.72%). The weight per cent reinforcement type (10.37%) and reinforcement type (5.28%) had smaller influences on the heat release rate. The S/N ratio obtained, using optimal testing shows that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate, followed by weight per cent of reinforcement type, while reinforcement type had the least influence. The corresponding multiple regression models for total heat released revealed that the total heat release rate increased with an increase in time and reinforcement type and decreased with an increase in weight per cent of the fire retardant additive material. Conclusion This work indicated that the parameter design of the Taguchi method provided an efficient methodology for the analyses of the effects of thermal degradation parameters of composites. The controlling parameters of time, the weight of reinforcement material and the type of reinforcement material had significant contributions to the value of heat production during composites thermal decomposition. Time had the greatest contribution, followed by the weight of reinforcement type, and type of reinforcement material.

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Cone Calorimeter Analysis on the Fire-Resistant Properties of FRW Fire-Retardant Particleboard

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.2142 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 311-313 ◽

pp. 2142-2145 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ying Tao Liu

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Total Heat ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

High Increase

The fire-resistant properties of FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard had been measured under a heat flux of 75 kW/m2 by cone calorimeter (CONE). Through the compare between FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard, the influence on the particleboard by FRW fire retardant had been indicated. The results showed that the indexes of heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and efficient heat combustion (EHC) etc of FRW fire-retardant particleboard were obviously reduced contrast to the ordinary particleboard, but the char-forming rate had a high increase.

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Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant-wrapped carbon nanotubes and its flame retardancy in epoxy nanocomposites

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211024582 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110245

Author(s):

Jiangbo Wang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Pristine Cnts ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Ep Matrix ◽

Better Than

A novel phosphorus-silicon containing flame-retardant DOPO-V-PA was used to wrap carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of FTIR, XPS, TEM and TGA measurements exhibited that DOPO-V-PA has been successfully grafted onto the surfaces of CNTs, and the CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was obtained. The CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was subsequently incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for improving the flame retardancy and dispersion. Compared with pure EP, the addition of 2 wt% CNTs-DOPO-V-PA into the EP matrix could achieve better flame retardancy of EP nanocomposites, such as a 30.5% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 8.1% reduction in total heat release (THR). Furthermore, DMTA results clearly indicated that the dispersion for CNTs-DOPO-V-PA in EP matrix was better than pristine CNTs.

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Environmental impacts of wooden, plastic, and wood-polymer composite pallet: a life cycle assessment approach

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ◽

10.1007/s11367-021-01953-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md.Musharof Hussain Khan ◽

Ivan Deviatkin ◽

Jouni Havukainen ◽

Mika Horttanainen

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Global Warming ◽

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Polymer Composite ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Consequential Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Wood Polymer ◽

Biogenic Carbon ◽

Wood Polymer Composite

Abstract Purpose Waste recycling is one of the essential tools for the European Union’s transition towards a circular economy. One of the possibilities for recycling wood and plastic waste is to utilise it to produce composite product. This study analyses the environmental impacts of producing composite pallets made of wood and plastic waste from construction and demolition activities in Finland. It also compares these impacts with conventional wooden and plastic pallets made of virgin materials. Methods Two different life cycle assessment methods were used: attributional life cycle assessment and consequential life cycle assessment. In both of the life cycle assessment studies, 1000 trips were considered as the functional unit. Furthermore, end-of-life allocation formula such as 0:100 with a credit system had been used in this study. This study also used sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation to determine the best performing pallet. Result and discussion In the attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets had the lowest environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential (fossil), acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential (including biogenic carbon), global warming potential (including biogenic carbon) with indirect land-use change, and ozone depletion potential. In contrast, wooden pallets showed the lowest impact on global warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon). In the consequential life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets showed the best environmental impact in all impact categories. In both attributional and consequential life cycle assessments, plastic pallet had the maximum impact. The sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation showed that wood-polymer composite pallets can be a better choice over plastic and wooden pallet. Conclusions The overall results of the pallets depends on the methodological approach of the LCA. However, it can be concluded that the wood-polymer composite pallet can be a better choice over the plastic pallet and, in most cases, over the wooden pallet. This study will be of use to the pallet industry and relevant stakeholders.

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Effect of Processing Parameters on Properties of Wheat-Straw Boards with FRW

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.947 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 250-253 ◽

pp. 947-950

Author(s):

Xiao Dong Zhu ◽

Feng Hu Wang ◽

Yu Liu

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Processing Condition ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Resin Content ◽

National Standard ◽

Appearance Time ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Peak Value

This paper explored the effect of MDI, UF and FRW content on the mechanical and fire retardant property of straw based panels with surface alkali liquor processing. In order to manufacture the straw based panel with high quality, low toxic and fire retardant, the interface of wheat-straw was treated with alkaline liquid under the optimal treating condition: alkaline liquid concentration was 0.4-0.8%, alkaline dosage was 1:2.5-1:4.5, alkaline-treated time was 12h-48h.The physical and mechanical properties of wheat-straw boards after treated could satisfy the China national standard. And the variance analysis of the fire retardant property of straw based panel showed that TTI, pkHRR and peak value appearance time were not affected by the MDI, UF and FRW content significantly. The results of orthogonal test showed that the optimized processing condition was MDI content as 4%, UF resin content as 7% and the FRW content as 10%.

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Recycling Waste Wood of Construction

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.126 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 871 ◽

pp. 126-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Larisa Grigorieva ◽

Pavel Oleinik

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Polymer Composite ◽

Wood Waste ◽

Raw Material ◽

Polymer Composite Materials ◽

Comparative Characteristic ◽

Complicated Shape ◽

Waste Wood ◽

Wood Polymer ◽

Wood Polymer Composite

The article considers contemporary methods and especially recycling of wood waste. The volume of wood waste is constantly growing due to the increase in the number of buildings subject to demolition or dismantling, reconstruction and repair works. The article contains the main requirements to the raw material derived from waste. Advantages of products made from wood-polymer composite materials on physic mechanical parameters. The comparative characteristic of cost for the production of wood-polymer plastic. It is noted that production made from wood polymer composite materials has unlimited product range, including boards, various profiled molded and moulded details with complicated shape (the board for the floor, skirting board, baguette, etc).

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