scholarly journals Complete characterization of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum PBW-343 L. Emend. Fiori & Paul.) – A renewable source of fibers for pulp and paper making

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-177
Author(s):  
Shalini Singh ◽  
Dharm Dutt ◽  
C. H. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Cooking Conditions

Triticum aestivum PBW-343 is grown in most of the regions of India, and it is one of the renewable sources most suitable for papermaking. Anatomical studies illustrate that vascular bundles near the periphery contain a strong sheath of sclerenchyma cells, which constitutes about 80% of the fibers. The total fibers in wheat straw are about 39.20%, and parenchyma and epidermal cells account for 32.10, and 23.56%, respectively, of the total cells. The dimensions of wheat straw fibers are: average fiber length 1.18 mm, fiber width 13.60 µm, lumen diameter 5.68 µm, and cell wall thickness 3.96 µm. The dimensions of non-fibrous cells are: parenchyma 445×124 µm, vessels 96×57 µm, and epidermal cells 390×38 µm, which lie between the corresponding values for rice straw, and bagasse. Flexibility coefficients and Runkel ratio of wheat straw fires are quite comparable to bamboo. The low lignin contents of wheat straw reflect that it requires mild cooking conditions; however, hemicelluloses are on higher side. Addition of AQ under optimum soda cooking conditions improves pulp yield by 0.75%, and lowers kappa number by 26.1%. Optimum strength properties are obtained at 45±1 oSR except tear index, which declines with increased refining. The fine contents are much higher, and relatively comparable to Eucalyptus tereticornis in terms of curl index and kinks per mm.

scholarly journals Formic Acid Pulping of Bagasse

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sarwar Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cooking Conditions

Atmospheric formic acid pulping of bagasse was done with varying formic acid concentration and cooking time. Pulp yield and kappa number decreased with increasing formic acid concentration or cooking time. The optimal cooking conditions were 90 % formic acid and 90 min of cooking at 95°C. The pulp yield at this condition was 44.4 % and kappa number 26.1. The strength properties were acceptable in formic acid pulping of bagasse. Addition of H2SO4 catalyst in formic acid degraded carbohydrate, resulting lower pulp yield and inferior strength properties. The strength properties were improved slightly after bleaching. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 245-250, 2006

Nonwood pulping: use of jute cuttings and caddis in Bangladesh

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SARWAR JAHAN ◽  
SUMON GOSH ◽  
M. MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN ◽  
YONGHAO NI
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Better Than

Utilization of jute cutting and caddis is of social and economic importance in Bangladesh. In this study, soda-anthraquinone, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone, and neutral sulfite-anthraquinone processes were evaluated for jute-cutting and caddis pulping. The NS-AQ process showed favorable pulp yield and kappa number for both of these raw materials: 66.1% for jute cuttings and 59.9% for caddis at kappa no. 11. The physical properties of NS-AQ pulps were also better than those of soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps. At 0SR 44, the tensile index of NS-AQ pulp was about 100 N.m/g for jute cutting and 70 N.m/g for caddis, and the tear index was similar. All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences. The NS-AQ pulp showed excellent bleachability. Its brightness reached 89.0% for jute cuttings and 85.0% for caddis using total chlorine dioxide of about 15 kg/ton. After bleaching, the strength properties of NS-AQ pulp were slightly better compared to soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps.

Study on Alkali-Oxygen Pulping of Bagasse Wet-Stored with Hypochlorite Bleaching Waste Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
Yu Xin Liu ◽  
Ke Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Bleaching Process ◽  
Wet Storage ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Folding Endurance

In this paper, the bagasse wet-stored with hypochlorite (H) bleaching waste-water which was the original waste liquid from H bleaching process of bagasse, was cooked with alkali-oxygen and its pulping effect was studied. The results showed that the proper treatment time of wet storage with H bleaching waste-water was 12 days, the pulping properties were as follows: screened pulp yield 62.9%, kappa number 15.4, viscosity 802 mL/g, and brightness 58.8 %ISO. The strength properties of pulp were as follows: tensile index 65.6 N•m/g, tear index 5.86 mN•m2/g, burst index 3.83 kPa•m2/g and folding endurance 302 times. In addition, the pulping properties of bagasse wet-stored with H bleaching waste-water were similar to those of bagasse wet-stored with fresh water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the H bleaching waste-water could be used as spraying water for wet storage of bagasse. It was a new idea for saving fresh water in the pulping and papermaking industry.

Pulp and paper making potentials of elaeis guineensis (oil palm) grown in south east, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Onuorah ◽  
J.T. Nwabanne ◽  
E.L.C. Nnabuife
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fibrous Material ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Tear Index

The objective of this study was to determine the pulping and paper making potentials of oil palm (E guineensis). Fibrous material from the whole trunk (WT), empty fruit bunch (EFB, fronds (FDS) and depithed trunk (DT) were evaluated using proximate chemical analysis, fiber morphological and related characteristics. Effect of active alkali (AA) % as Na2O on kraft pulping properties and the handsheet paper propertie was studied. Proximate chemical analysis reveal acceptable cellulose content for EFB (43.51%), FDS (51.13%) and DT (53.80%) while WT (32.44) is unacceptable. Low lignin content obtained (17.8−21.8%) suggests easier pulping characteristics. The high % NaOH solubility of WT (26.05%) and FDS (32.1%) suggest potential of high effluent loads. Fiber morphological studies revealed that approximately 83% of fibers are ≤ 1.5 mm in length thus putting oil palm as a short fiber source. The slenderness ratio ranges from 33.44 to 82.80; Runkelratio from 0.40 to 0.63; flexibility co-efficient from 57.20 to 71.46 and rigidity co-efficient from 0.29 to 0.43. Studies of pulping properties reveal that as active alkali % was increased the percentage total pulp yield, % screened pulp yield, % screened rejects, pulp kappa number, klason lignin and tear index of resultant pulp/handsheet all/each decreased. Conversely, as active alkali % was increased the Brust index, double fold number, breaking length, tensile index of paper handsheets and pulp brightness were each enhanced. It was concluded that in pulping of WT AA% should be < 14 and EFB pulping should be ≤ 14 in order to have acceptable yield. Also in order to have acceptable tear index, AA% should be ≤ 16. It is being recommended that trunks should be depithed in order to have acceptable yield. The fibrous material from oil palm make acceptable raw material for paper making and are good hardwood substitutes. Paper produced when bleached can be used for printing and writing papers while the unbleached grades can be used for wrapping and package papers and for corrugated boards.

Fractionation of epidermal cells from wheat straw pulp by flotation

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
MIKKO KARJALAINEN ◽  
ARI ÄMMÄLÄ ◽  
PÄIVI ROUSU ◽  
JOUKO NIINIMÄKI
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Wheat Straw Pulp

The wide availability of wheat straw makes it a promising raw material for various fiber products, but its heterogeneity makes it a challenging material to use. In addition to reducing paper properties, some cell types cause processing problems such as silicate deposition and poor dewatering. The aims of this work were to examine the fractionation tendency of wheat straw pulp cells in flotation and to determine the effect of fractionation on paper strength properties. A cell type categorization based on automatic optical fiber analysis was used to assess fractionation. The results showed that epidermal cells can be selectively enriched from unbleached wheat straw pulp by flotation and other short cells had a tendency to become enriched in the overflow fraction. The underflow fraction consisted mostly of fibrous material, as well as vessel elements and long parenchyma cells. Removal of the epidermal cells from pulp will reduce its silicate content and improve the strength properties of the paper.

Sulphate Acid Catalyzed Ethanol Pulping of Wheat Straw

2011 ◽  
Vol 480-481 ◽  
pp. 672-675
Author(s):  
Peng Luo ◽  
Dao Jin Pan
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Paper Sheet ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Acid Catalyzed

In order to produce paper from agricultural residues such as wheat straw, it is necessary to delignify the wheat straw. Ethanol cooking is a novel process for the fractionation of biomass components. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sulphate acid catalyzed ethanol pulping on pulp yield, chemical composition of wheat straw, strength properties of the resulted paper sheet. The raw wheat straws, which were impregnated with 1.0% sulphate acid for about 12 h at room temperature, were subjected to ethanol cooking. The results showed that total pulp yield and kappa number decreases while screened pulp yield and brightness increases as the cooking severity increases. The optimal conditions of pulping were determined. Under the optimal condition, the screened pulp yield was up to 55.4%, with the kappa number of 66.35, brightness of 16.1 SBD, and the maximum paper sheet strength.

Chemical, anatomical, and technology aspects of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunii for use in an integrated pulp and paper mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GISELY SAMISTRARO ◽  
PETER W. HART ◽  
JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE ◽  
RICARDO PAIM
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Physical Strength

Eucalyptus dunii has been commercially used in southern Brazil because of its relatively good frost tolerance and adequate productivity in the winter months. More recently, interest has grown in cultivating Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, which presents even superior frost tolerance compared to E. dunii and is highly productive as well. The quality of E. benthamii for pulp production is not yet proven. Thus, the chemical, anatomical, and technological aspects of pulp made from E. benthamii were compared with those of E. dunii for unbleached paper production. Samples of E. benthamii chips were obtained and analyzed for their basic density, chemical composition, higher heating value, trace elemental analysis, and chip size distribution. The chips were kraft cooked using conditions that produced a 74 ± 6 kappa number. The pulps were characterized for kappa number, yield, viscosity, and morphologic characteristics (e.g., length, wall thickness, and coarseness). Black liquor was analyzed for total solids, organics, inorganics, sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Brownstocks were beaten at five different energy levels in a Valley beater, and the physical strength properties of 120 g/m² handsheets were measured to develop a beater curve. The results of this study showed differences in delignification between the two woods and lower pulp yield for E. benthamii , which are related to their chemical compositions and basic densities. The E. benthamii studied in this work exhibited higher amounts of lignin and extractives, lower carbohydrate content, and lower basic density. However, cooking a blend of the two woods afforded good results in pulping and in physical pulp properties.

Tracing the nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon released from plant residues in a soil/plant system

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yothin Konboon ◽  
Graeme Blair ◽  
Rod Lefroy ◽  
Anthony Whitbread
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Nutrient Demand

Matching plant residue mineralisation rate to plant nutrient demand is one way of increasing the efficiency of nutrient cycling. A glasshouse experiment was conducted in a Soloth soil with a C4d13 C signature using drained pots to examine the effect on the yield of Japanese millet (Echinochloa frumentocea) and the fate of 15 N, 35 S, and C (using d 13 C shift) from the C 3 plants Flemingia macrophylla, Medicago truncatula hay, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw applied at 3 t/ha in the presence of N and NPKS fertiliser. The yield of Japanese millet at 91 days was highest where medic hay had been added (13.7 g/pot) and lowest where wheat straw was used (11.5 g/pot). Recovery of 35 S by the millet was highest in the wheat straw and medic hay treatments (mean 11.5%), whilst recovery of 15 N was highest from medic hay (15.8%). Leaching losses of 35 S were highest in the Flemingia and medic treatments (mean 8.1%), and 15 N loss in leachate was highest in the medic hay treatment (6.6%). A maximum of 1.5% of the C added in residues was recovered in the leachate of the medic hay treatment.

Optimization of chemical and enzymatic deinking of photocopier waste paper

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 447-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puneet Pathak ◽  
Nishi K. Bhardwaj ◽  
Ajay K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Drainage Time ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Better Than

The utilization of post-consumer papers in the production of new paper products is increasing all over the world in recent years. Recycling of photocopier paper is a major problem due to difficulty in removal of non-impact ink. Enzymes offer potential advantages in ecofriendly deinking of recovered paper. In this study the deinking of photocopier paper was examined using chemicals and a commercial cellulase enzyme. Parameters of deinking experiments were optimized for hydrapulping. The ink was removed by flotation and washing processes. Then these parameters were compared in terms of ink removal ability of the process, as well as optical and strength properties of the deinked paper. The application of enzymatic deinking improved ink removal efficiency by 24.6% and freeness by 21.6% with a reduction in drainage time of 11.5% in comparison to those obtained with chemical deinking. The physical properties, namely burst index and tensile index, were observed to improve by 15.3% and 2.7%, respectively and brightness and tear index decreased by 2.1% and 21.9%, respectively. Results of deinking efficiency of photocopier paper showed that the enzyme used in the present work performed better than the conventional chemicals used for deinking.

scholarly journals Potassium hydroxide pulping of four non-woods

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sutradhar ◽  
M Sarkar ◽  
J Nayeem ◽  
M Sarwar Jahan ◽  
C Tian
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Corchorus Capsularis ◽  
Sesbania Bispinosa ◽  
Soda Pulping ◽  
Good Substitute

Four non-woods such as, dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa), jute stick (Corchorus capsularis), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) and corn stalks (Zea mays) were cooked by potassium hydroxide (KOH) at the optimum conditions of soda pulping. Dhaincha, wheat straw and corn stalks were delignified to kappa number 19.4, 13.6 and 19, respectively, while jute stick was not delignified sufficiently (kappa number 32.5). All these four raw materials maintained good yield in KOH process. Dhaincha produced the highest pulp yield (50.5%) and wheat straw had the lowest pulp yield (44.7). All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences in identical bleaching conditions. Final pulp brightness reached to above 80% ISO except jute stick pulp. Jute stick pulp reached to 74.9% brightness only after the consumption of 30 kg ClO2/ ton of pulp. The overall bleaching yields were 92.6%, 88.4%, 90.1 and 90.8% for dhaincha, jute stick, wheat straw and corn stalks pulps, respectively. The oSR of these four non-wood bleached pulps was above 20, consequently improved papermaking in the unrefined state. Beating rapidly increased papermaking properties, as for example, the tensile index of dhaincha pulps increased from 49 N.m/g in the unrefined pulp to 90 N.m/g in the beaten 50 oSR. It can be seen that KOH is a good substitute to soda process for non-wood.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 1-6, 2018

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