Pulp and paper making potentials of elaeis guineensis (oil palm) grown in south east, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Onuorah ◽  
J.T. Nwabanne ◽  
E.L.C. Nnabuife
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fibrous Material ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Tear Index

The objective of this study was to determine the pulping and paper making potentials of oil palm (E guineensis). Fibrous material from the whole trunk (WT), empty fruit bunch (EFB, fronds (FDS) and depithed trunk (DT) were evaluated using proximate chemical analysis, fiber morphological and related characteristics. Effect of active alkali (AA) % as Na2O on kraft pulping properties and the handsheet paper propertie was studied. Proximate chemical analysis reveal acceptable cellulose content for EFB (43.51%), FDS (51.13%) and DT (53.80%) while WT (32.44) is unacceptable. Low lignin content obtained (17.8−21.8%) suggests easier pulping characteristics. The high % NaOH solubility of WT (26.05%) and FDS (32.1%) suggest potential of high effluent loads. Fiber morphological studies revealed that approximately 83% of fibers are ≤ 1.5 mm in length thus putting oil palm as a short fiber source. The slenderness ratio ranges from 33.44 to 82.80; Runkelratio from 0.40 to 0.63; flexibility co-efficient from 57.20 to 71.46 and rigidity co-efficient from 0.29 to 0.43. Studies of pulping properties reveal that as active alkali % was increased the percentage total pulp yield, % screened pulp yield, % screened rejects, pulp kappa number, klason lignin and tear index of resultant pulp/handsheet all/each decreased. Conversely, as active alkali % was increased the Brust index, double fold number, breaking length, tensile index of paper handsheets and pulp brightness were each enhanced. It was concluded that in pulping of WT AA% should be < 14 and EFB pulping should be ≤ 14 in order to have acceptable yield. Also in order to have acceptable tear index, AA% should be ≤ 16. It is being recommended that trunks should be depithed in order to have acceptable yield. The fibrous material from oil palm make acceptable raw material for paper making and are good hardwood substitutes. Paper produced when bleached can be used for printing and writing papers while the unbleached grades can be used for wrapping and package papers and for corrugated boards.

scholarly journals Influence of Input Variables over the Wood Digestion in a Sulfite Pulp Mill for Biorefinery Purposes

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Cristina Rueda ◽  
Carlos Tejedor ◽  
Natalia Quijorna ◽  
Ana Andrés ◽  
Alberto Coz
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Sulfite Pulp ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Major Attention ◽  
Wood Digestion ◽  
Better Than

Eucalyptus globulus is the most profitable specie in Europe for pulping. However, in recent years some diseases and pests have caused its defoliation, affecting the available quantity of wood. In this sense, the mills are studying how to avoid the loss of pulp yield as well as the optimization of byproducts in order to take advantage of every component present in the wood using biorefinery processes. One of the possible options is to complete the consumption of E. globulus with other species such as Eucalyptus nitens.The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of both species related to the dissolving pulp manufacturing process as well as the characteristics of the resulting products. Parameters that can be very useful for the evaluation of the raw material, such as the growing data or density of both species, have been compared. Major attention has been focused on the composition of both species and how it affects the characteristics of the possible final products.E. nitens presents good results of forestry characteristics, being better than E. globulus in terms of growing and resistance to frosts. The cellulose content of both species is similar, however the digestion process in the case of E. nitens needs to be improved in order to optimize the involved energy and the obtained products.

scholarly journals Potensi Penggunaan Dua Spesies Agave untuk Pembuatan Pulp dan Kertas

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Arini Hidayati Jamil ◽  
Heronimus Judi Tjahjono ◽  
Parnidi Parnidi ◽  
Marjani Marjani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Agave Sisalana

Potential of Two Agave Species for Pulp and Paper MakingAbstractBoth of Agave sisalana and A. cantala are the most favorite agave species for fiber producer plant in Indonesia. Nevertheless, research study for using fiber of A. sisalana and A. cantala for pulp and paper purpose is hard to find. This study aims to observe the characteristics of A. sisalana and A. cantala fibers as a raw material of pulp including fiber morphology, chemical components, pulp characteristics, optical and physical properties of the handsheets. The observation of all characters was based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The pulping method used both of soda process with 18% active alkali and kraft process with 18% active alkali and 25% sulfidity. The result of the study for the handsheets from A. sisalana and A. cantala fibers shows that the brightness, dirt, and tear index were fulfilled to SNI standard for NBKP while the tensile index and burst index just fulfilled to SNI standard for LBKP. The handsheet of A. sisalana fiber has a higher tear index, tensile index, and burst index than the A. cantala ones. Soda pulping of both agave species resulting higher pulp yield, cellulose polymerization degrees and physical properties than kraft pulping.Keywords : Agave sisalana, A. cantala, characteristics of the fiber, pulp AbstrakAgave sisalana dan A. cantala merupakan dua spesies agave yang paling banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai tanaman penghasil serat alam. Namun penelitian mengenai fungsi serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala sebagai bahan baku pulp dan kertas masih sulit ditemukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari karakteristik serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala sebagai bahan baku pulp yang meliputi morfologi serat, komposisi komponen kimia, karakeristik pulp, sifat optik dan fisik lembaran pulp yang dihasilkan. Pengamatan seluruh karakter dilakukan berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Pemasakan menggunakan metode soda dengan alkali aktif 18% dan kraft dengan alkali aktif 18% dan sulfiditas 25%. Hasil pengamatan pada lembaran pulp yang dihasilkan dari serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala menunjukkan bahwa derajat cerah, noda, dan kekuatan sobek memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Pulp Kraft Putih Kayujarum (NBKP) sementara kekuatan tarik dan kekuatan retak memenuhi SNI Pulp Krat Putih Kayudaun (LBKP). Lembaran pulp A. sisalana memiliki kekuatan sobek, tarik, dan retak lebih tinggi dibanding lembaran pulp A. cantala. Metode pemasakan soda pada serat kedua spesies agave tersebut menghasilkan rendemen pulp, derajat polimerisasi selulosa, dan kekuatan fisik lebih baik dibanding metode kraft.Kata kunci : Agave sisalana, A. cantala, karakteristik serat, pulp 

scholarly journals Pulp and paper production from oil palm empty fruit bunches: A current direction in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Paper Making

The pulp and paper industry is advanced rapidly since there are many types of raw materials containing cellulose fibres that could be used to produce different kinds of paper by different methods in the mills. In Malaysia, one of the abundant non-wood materials for pulp and paper production is empty fruit bunch (EFB) from the oil palm. The EFB is the main fibrous residue and natural fibre which has promising potential as an alternative to replace woody materials. This study provides insight into the use of EFB as an alternative non-wood fibre resource in pulp and paper making. The potential of oil palm EFB transformed into valuable fibre material was elaborated. In this review, detailed information on the properties of EFB for pulp and paper making process to identify the chemical composition and fibre morphology were discussed. Recent advanced applications including nanocellulose from EFB, polymeric hydrogel, and antimicrobial papers were discussed to demonstrate high commercialization for pulp and paper technology. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has been employed due to the high complexity of paper products. The future trends and challenges regarding the use of EFB in pulp and paper making were also reviewed. This study demonstrated that the EFB has met the demand of the market chains as a potential raw material in paper making and manufacturing.

scholarly journals Bleaching Process on Oil Palm Empty Bunches by Pulping Using Formacell Liquid Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati ◽  
Ribut Sugiharto ◽  
Sutopo Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bleaching Process ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Yellowish White

The formacell process produces black liquor that damages the environment. Previous research has shown that black liquor can be used as a cooking solution for pulping. The pulping process using formacell waste on oil palm empty bunches produces a dark color; therefore, it requires a bleaching process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the type of cooking solution (fresh pulping solution and leachate residual from pulping) and bleaching time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 h) on pulp yield, cellulose content, permanganate number, and score on whiteness degree. The bleaching process used 35% peracetic acid and was conducted at 80�C. The best results were obtained at a bleaching time of 2 h, which resulted in yields of 76.1%�81.2%, cellulose contents of 53%�62.5%, permanganate numbers of 6.3�7.4, and scores of color of 3.78 (yellowish white) to 4.7 (white).

scholarly journals Anatomical and chemical characterization of Alstonia boonei for pulp and paper production

Les/Wood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Agyapong Afrifah ◽  
Enoch Adjei-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

Alstonia boonei, an abundant lesser utilized species within the West African Subregion, was evaluated as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The basic density (BD), fibre characteristics [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT)], derived anatomical indices [Flexibility Ratio (FR), Slenderness Ratio (SR), Rigidity Coefficient (RC), Luce’s Shape Factor (LSF), Solids Factor (SF) and Runkel Ratio (RR)] and chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose, 1% NaOH solubility and ash contents) of A. boonei were studied to evaluate variation along the trunk (base, middle and top portions) and ascertain its suitability for pulp and paper production. Significant variations were observed in the density and fibre characteristics along the trunk of the tree. Although the FD was large, the observed adequate FL, thin-wall and large LD implied easy beating of fibres and manufacture of dense, smooth and strong papers. The favourable SF, RR, FR, RC, and LSF values obtained for the fibres would produce papers with suitable burst and tearing strengths and folding endurance. Chemically the lower lignin (< 30%), ash and 1% NaOH solubility and the high holocellulose contents of A. boonei, will generate a higher pulp yield. A. boonei although a low-density species, will be desirable for pulp and paper production.

The effects of production parameters on properties of single and 3-layer cement-bonded composites made from oil palm empty fruit bunch and tropical hardwood sawmill residue

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Onuorah ◽  
C.A. Okeke ◽  
J. T. Nwabanne ◽  
E. L. C. Nnabuife ◽  
S. O. M. Obiorah
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Tropical Hardwood ◽  
Morphological Studies

Cement bonded composites of 1250 kg/m3 were made in the laboratory either as single layer composed of exclusively oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB); Tropical hardwood sawmill residue (THSR) or randomly mixed particles (40% of EFB and 60% of THSR oven dry wt/wt) OR of 3-layer composed of 1:2:1 ratio (for face layer of THSR; core layer of EFB and back layer of THSR particles, wt/wt, respectively). Composites were produced at 4 levels of CaCl2 addition (0, 1, 2 and 3% wt/wt based on cement wt) and 6 levels of initial water content of the cement/aggregate mixture (2.5:1:0.5; 2.5:1:1; 2.5:1:1.5; 2.5:1:2; 2.5:1:2.5 and 2.5:1:3; ratio wt/wt based on cement wt plus oven dry wt of particles). Proximate chemical analysis of representative samples reveal hollocellulose content (77.35 and 74.11%); a-cellulose (43.51 and 52.01%); Hemicellulose (22.9 and 20.2%). Lignin (17.8 and 22.5%); Ash (0.91 and 1.85%) and solubility in Alcohol-benzene (1.6 and 3.98%); cold water (2.42 and 3.15%); Hot water (2.93 and 5.06%); and 1% NaOH (23.4 and 26.11%) respectively for EFB and THSR. Also Morphological studies reveal mean fiber length (1.06 and 1.18mm); Fiber diameter (11.75 and 17.40μm), slenderness ratio (55.79 and 35.98) and Rigidity co-efficient (0.38 and 0.47) respectively for EFB and THSR. The above make both particle sources suitable substitutes for virgin fiber/particles from hardwoods. A total of 192 composites were made representing two panels per production mix. Composites were sampled and tested in accordance with provisions of ASTM D1037-2007. Composite properties ranges are MOR (2.61–20.81 MPa); MOE (2180–5764 MPa); IB (0.28–0.75 MPa). WA (16.41–28.11%) and TS (1.26–5.98%). Properties were evaluated and only production mix that met both the requirements of International Organization for Standardization (10S 8335–1987) and Malaysian Standard Institute (MS 934–1984) were recommended. Acceptable composites were produced from production mix of initial water content ≥1.5 or 30% (based on cement wt + oven dry wt of particles, wt/wt) and 2 or 3% CaCl2 additive in case of single layer composites while ≥ 2 or 36.36% of initial water content is required in 3-layer composite using same additive level. The effects of furnish type and composition, additive level and initial water content on properties were all found significant (P > 0.01) in factorial analysis.

scholarly journals DESAIN EKSPERIMENTAL FAKTORIAL UNTUK PENENTUAN FAKTOR PALING BERPENGARUH PADA PROSES PULPING ORGANOSOLV BERBAHAN BAKU LIMBAH DAUN NANAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Glenn Mochamad Rayhan ◽  
Salsabila Fachrina ◽  
Rizka Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Organosolv Pulping

Paper production has been identified with industries that destroy forests (deforestation). Utilizing alternative wood substitute raw materials, such as pineapple leaves can be one solution to the problem. Pineapple plants can produce more than 70 leaves with cellulose content in the leaves which reaches 69.5-71.5%, so it has the potential to be used as raw material for paper. The organosolv process was chosen as a pulp manufacturing process because it produces high purity in the byproducts (lignin and hemicellulose), high pulp yield, easy recovery of black liquor and no sulfur element, making it safer for the environment. This study aims to determine the most influential factors in the organosolv pulping process with a factorial experimental design method 23. Variables used include solvent types (ethanol and acetic acid), pulp cooking time (60 minutes and 110 minutes) and types of leaf dryness (wet leaves) and dried leaves). From the results of the analysis, the most influential factor in the organosolv pulping process is the type of solvent (ethanol). Optimal operating conditions were obtained for solvent ethanol, cooking time of 60 minutes with wet leaves, where cellulose content was 96.31% and lignin content decreased by 17.80% in dry pulp.

Anatomical, morphological and chemical characteristics of kaun straw (Seetaria-ltalika)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taslima Ferdous ◽  
M. Abdul Quaiyyum ◽  
Shahriar Bashar ◽  
M. Sarwar Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fiber Wall ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient

AbstractAnatomical, morphological and chemical characteristics of kaun straw were examined to assess their suitability for paper production and the properties were compared with wheat straw and rice straw. It was found that the fiber length of kaun straw is slightly shorter than that of wheat straw and longer than that of rice straw. It has wider fiber wall thickness than that of wheat straw and rice straw. It had acceptable derived values, especially slenderness ratio, which was lower than that of wheat straw and rice straw, and higher runkel ratio and lower flexibility coefficient. Chemical analysis of kaun straw revealed satisfactory levels of α-cellulose content (35.9 %) and klason lignin content (19.3 %). The ash content in kaun straw (7.32 %) showed lower value than that of wheat straw and rice straw. In optimum cooing conditions, kaun straw produced pulp yield of 30.0 % and 41.7 % with kappa number 15.1 and 22.5 in soda-AQ and formic acid pulping processes, respectively, the values of which were lower than that of wheat straw and rice straw.

scholarly journals Complete characterization of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum PBW-343 L. Emend. Fiori & Paul.) – A renewable source of fibers for pulp and paper making

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-177
Author(s):  
Shalini Singh ◽  
Dharm Dutt ◽  
C. H. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Cooking Conditions

Triticum aestivum PBW-343 is grown in most of the regions of India, and it is one of the renewable sources most suitable for papermaking. Anatomical studies illustrate that vascular bundles near the periphery contain a strong sheath of sclerenchyma cells, which constitutes about 80% of the fibers. The total fibers in wheat straw are about 39.20%, and parenchyma and epidermal cells account for 32.10, and 23.56%, respectively, of the total cells. The dimensions of wheat straw fibers are: average fiber length 1.18 mm, fiber width 13.60 µm, lumen diameter 5.68 µm, and cell wall thickness 3.96 µm. The dimensions of non-fibrous cells are: parenchyma 445×124 µm, vessels 96×57 µm, and epidermal cells 390×38 µm, which lie between the corresponding values for rice straw, and bagasse. Flexibility coefficients and Runkel ratio of wheat straw fires are quite comparable to bamboo. The low lignin contents of wheat straw reflect that it requires mild cooking conditions; however, hemicelluloses are on higher side. Addition of AQ under optimum soda cooking conditions improves pulp yield by 0.75%, and lowers kappa number by 26.1%. Optimum strength properties are obtained at 45±1 oSR except tear index, which declines with increased refining. The fine contents are much higher, and relatively comparable to Eucalyptus tereticornis in terms of curl index and kinks per mm.

Production and Characterization of Pulp from Banana Pseudo Stem for Paper Making via Soda Anthraquinone Pulping Process

2022 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Emiru Yidnekew Melesse ◽  
Tesfaye Kassaw Bedru ◽  
Beteley Tekola Meshesha
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Paper Making

The need for pulp and paper currently in the whole world has become shooting up massively. The generation of the pulp, as well as paper from woody materials, has a challenge due to deforestation, huge chemical and energy consumptions. Now, an alternative source for paper is lignocelluloses wastes, because of low cost, low energy, and chemical consumption. Among them, the banana pseudostem was best for the input of pulp and paper production. This investigation was on the production and characterization of pulp from Banana Pseudo Stem for Paper Making via Soda Anthraquinone pulping process. The amount of cellulose (41.45%), ash (12.4%), hemicellulose (23.37%), extractive (12.72%), and lignin (10.46%) contents were obtained at the initial compositional evaluation of the pseudostem. It has excellent fiber length (1.75mm), fiber diameter (22.15μm), an acceptable Runkle ratio (0.55), and flexibility coefficient (159.64). The effect of temperature (130,140 and 150 °C), cooking time (45, 60, and 75 minutes), the concentration of soda (10, 12.5, and 15%), were examined. The maximum pulp yield and kappa number was 36.7% and 22.8 respectively obtained at 10% of soda concentration, at 150 °C, and 63 minutes of cooking time from oven-dried raw material. The produced paper from the banana pseudostem has a tensile index, tearing index, smoothness, and porosity were 78.75 Nm/g, 19.1 mN.m2/g, 500-530μm, and 50 sec/100ml air respectively. This study indicates that high strength mechanical property and good surface properties paper can be produced from banana pseudostem pulp with a more environmentally friendly pulping process.

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