scholarly journals Universal Model of Lost Profits Calculation

Ekonomika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Rimas Butkevičius
Keyword(s):  
Universal Model ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Service Contracts ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Lost Profit

Consequential (or indirect) losses in the form of lost profits are usually suffered and claimed in civil cases of breaches of supply or service contracts, unfair competition, bankruptcy cases, and other instances where a defendant’s wrongful actions cause lost profits to the plaintiff’s performance.In litigation practice, we see a quite different approach, when the lost profits are calculated as gross margin less income tax, and in others – by multiplying the lost revenues by the company’s net profit ratio.Methods of indirect loss calculation applied do not consider the cost structure of the plaintiff and the impact of the variation of variable and fixed costs to the lost profit calculation before and after the wrongful action of the defendant. In case lost revenues would have been received, fixed costs would remain the same, while variable (incremental) costs, which were avoided, would be generated to receive lost revenues.Based on the international experience and practices, this article provides for a Universal Model of lost profits calculation as well as a mathematical formula of the method.

scholarly journals Monetary Transmission through Interest Rate Channel in Vietnam Before and After the Crisis

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Hương Trầm Thị Xuân ◽  
Vinh Võ Xuân ◽  
CẢNH NGUYỄN PHÚC
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Monetary Transmission ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Cost Channel ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Interest Rate Channel

The paper employs the VAR model to examine the impact of monetary policy on the economy through interest rate channel (IRC) and levels of transmission before and after the 2008 crisis. The results indicate that in the period before the financial crisis, IRC exists in accordance with macroeconomic theory; however, the crisis period, in which increases in SBV monetary policy rates lead to increased inflation, has proved the existence of the cost channel of monetary transmission in Vietnam.

scholarly journals The use of controlling in agricultural enterprises and their competitiveness

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
A. Foltínová ◽  
J. Špička
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Cost Controlling ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
The Cost

The article aims at the evaluation and comparison of the structure of costs linked to the milk production in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The paper focuses on the potential of the cost controlling in agricultural production. The analysis is based on data from the comparable sample surveys of costs and yields of agricultural commodities carried out by the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Prague, and the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Bratislava, in the period 2007–2012. The authors apply the contribution margin calculation and the gross margin calculation. Using target costing, the upper limits of variable and fixed costs are set to reach the break-even point. One of the main finding is that the average costs per litre of milk are by 15.3% higher in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. It is caused by a significantly lower milk yield in Slovakia. Cost controlling based on the knowledge about the structure of the average costs of milk production can help farmers to better manage their business.  

scholarly journals The Effect of Initiation of Anti-TNF Therapy on the Subsequent Direct Health Care Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1718-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E Targownik ◽  
Eric I Benchimol ◽  
Julia Witt ◽  
Charles N Bernstein ◽  
Harminder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Population ◽  
Median Cost ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Future Health Care ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs are highly effective in the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), but they are very costly. Due to their effectiveness, they could potentially reduce future health care spending on other medical therapies, hospitalization, and surgery. The impact of downstream costs has not previously been quantified in a real-world population-based setting. Methods We used the University of Manitoba IBD Database to identify all persons in a Canadian province with CD or UC who received anti-TNF therapy between 2004 and 2016. All inpatient, outpatient, and drug costs were enumerated both in the year before anti-TNF initiation and for up to 5 years after anti-TNF initiation. Costs before and after anti-TNF initiation were compared, and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to look for predictors of higher costs after anti-TNF initiation. Results A total of 928 people with IBD (676 CD, 252 UC) were included for analyses. The median cost of health care in the year before anti-TNF therapy was $4698 for CD vs $6364 for UC. The median cost rose to $39,749 and $49,327, respectively, in the year after anti-TNF initiation, and to $210,956 and $245,260 in the 5 years after initiation for continuous anti-TNF users. Inpatient and outpatient costs decreased in the year after anti-TNF initiation by 12% and 7%, respectively, when excluding the cost of anti-TNFs. Conclusions Direct health care expenditures markedly increase after anti-TNF initiation and continue to stay elevated over pre-initiation costs for up to 5 years, with only small reductions in the direct costs of non-drug-related health care.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI MENGGUNAKAN METODE FULL COSTING DAN VARIABLE COSTING UNTUK MENENTUKAN LABA BERSIH PT. BHASKARA MADYA JAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-218
Author(s):  
Nia Agustin Pratama ◽  
Teguh Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
The Cost

With the addition of profits, the company can pay all costs that are sacrificed, so that the company's operational activities are guaranteed and can run well. The problems examined in this study are intended to find out how the comparison of recording costs using the full costing method and variable costing affects the net profit of PT Bhaskara Madya Jaya. Both of these methods simultaneously involve raw materials, direct labor costs and factory overhead costs. What distinguishes the full costing method using fixed factory overhead loads and variable, if the variable costing only adds to the variable overhead load. Production costs that are not included in the raw material and direct labor costs are the overhead of the manufacturing plant itself. Descriptive method with a quantitative approach is the model of this research. With the use of saturated sampling. Documentation is a data collection technique that researchers use. The results of the study and details obtained by comparing the full costing method and variable costing. In detailing the cost of production, the full costing method produced a greater than the costing variable, this is due to the full costing method adding all the elements of costs, variable costs or fixed costs . Then from the results of the breakdown of net income, using the full costing method, the nominal profit is found to be far less than using the variable costing method.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Profitability and Viability of Catfish Marketing in Onitsha North and South Local Government area of Anambra State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Igwe ◽  
Terhemba E. Chancha ◽  
Blessing G. Umbugadu ◽  
Beatrice G. Dauda
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Marketing Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
North And South

The study was carried out in Onitsha north and Onitsha south local government area of Anambra State Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to assess the profitability and viability of catfish marketing. Data were collected with structured questionnaires administered to 65 randomly selected catfish marketers.  Mean, frequency, percentages, gross margin, Net profit, Gross margin ratio, Operating ratio and Return on investment were all employed to analyze the objectives. The result revealed that transportation cost is the most militating factor against catfish marketing in Onitsha north and Onitsha south local government area of Anambra State Nigeria. The study also revealed that, catfish marketing in the study area was profitable and viable with return on Investment (ROI) of 22.17% and a Gross Margin ratio of 18.14%. The study therefore, recommends that government should provide storage facility and rehabilitate our roads to reduce the cost of transportation in marketing.

scholarly journals Produkcja wołowiny w Polsce oraz czynniki determinujące jej opłacalność

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldona Skarżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Factor

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the economic performance and efficiency of bovine animals production and identify the main determinants of such production profitability. The results of the study were analyzed in three groups of farms divided by quartiles of gross margin, i.e. in the best, middle and weakest. The results were analyzed as average in three years. The main factor differentiating the economic effects from the production of beef cattle was the costs incurred, the impact of the sale price was lower. The decisive impact was direct costs, which in successive groups of farms increased, with regard to the best of farms in the medium ones were higher by 40.2% and the weakest ones – by 82.0%. The level of direct costs was determined mainly by the exchange cost of the herd and also by the cost of feed. Beef cattle production was economically effectiveness only in the best farms, the profitability index was 111.9%, while in the medium and weakest group of farms at 88.8 and 72.4% respectively.

scholarly journals Impact of 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines on various HER2 reporting categories in breast cancer by fluorescent in-situ hybridization and Immunohistochemistry: A meta-analysis with systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Pasricha ◽  
Smita Asthana ◽  
Satyanarayana Labani ◽  
Uma Kailash ◽  
Abhinav Srivastav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Treatment Benefit ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Primary Test ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The ASCO/CAP guidelines for reporting HER2 in breast cancer, first released in 2007, aimed to standardize the reporting protocol, and were updated in 2013 and 2018, to ensure right treatment. Several studies have analyzed the changes attributed to 2013 updated guidelines, and majority of them found increase in positive and equivocal cases. However, the precise implication of these updated guidelines is still contentious, in spite of the latest update (2018 guidelines) addressing some of the issues. We conducted systematic review and meta- analysis to see the impact of 2013 guidelines on various HER2 reporting categories by both FISH and IHC. Materials and Methods: After extensively searching the pertinent literature, 16 studies were included for the systematic review. We divided our approach in three strategies: (1) Studies in which breast cancer cases were scored for HER2 by FISH or IHC as a primary test concurrently by both 2007 and 2013 guidelines, (2) Studies in which HER2 results were equivocal by IHC and were followed by reflex-FISH test by both 2007 and 2013 guidelines, and (3) Studies in which trends of HER2 reporting were compared in the two periods before and after implementation of updated 2013 guidelines. All the paired data in these respective categories was pooled and analyzed statistically to see the overall impact of the updated guidelines. Results: In the first category, by pooled analysis of primary FISH testing there has been a significant increase in the equivocal cases (P < 0.001) and positive cases (P = 0.037). We also found 8.3% and 0.8% of all the negative cases from 2007 guidelines shifted to equivocal and positive categories, respectively. Similarly by primary IHC testing there has been a significant increase in both equivocal cases (P < 0.001) and positive cases (P = 0.02). In the second category of reflex-FISH testing there was a substantial increase in the equivocal cases (P < 0.0001); however there is insignificant decrease (10% to 9.7%; P = 0.66) in the amplified cases. In the third approach for evaluating the trend, with the implementation of 2013 guidelines, there was increase in the equivocal category (P = 0.025) and positive category (P = 0.0088) by IHC. By FISH test also there was significant increase in the equivocal category (P < 0.001) while the increase in the positive category was non-significant (P = 0.159). Conclusions: The updated 2013 guidelines has significantly increased the positive and equivocal cases using primary FISH or IHC test and with further reflex testing, thereby increasing the double equivocal cases and increasing the cost and delaying the decision for definite management. However, whether the additional patients becoming eligible for HDT will derive treatment benefit needs to be answered by further large clinical trials.

Beyond acute stroke: Rate of stroke transfers to a tertiary centre following the implementation of a dedicated inpatient teleneurology network

2019 ◽  
pp. 1357633X1986809
Author(s):  
Sami Al Kasab ◽  
Eyad Almallouhi ◽  
Ellen Debenham ◽  
Nancy Turner ◽  
Kit N Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Consultation Service ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Significant Cost Reduction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
The Impact

Introduction This study evaluated the impact of establishing an inpatient teleneurology consultation service alongside an already established telestroke network on the stroke transfers to the hub. The study also aimed to assess the financial impact of establishing this network. Methods Prospectively collected data on all stroke patients evaluated through our telestroke and teleneurology networks between January 2008 and March 2018 were interrogated. For all spokes (eight sites) that had both teleneurology and telestroke services, we compared the rate of transfers to the hub before and after the establishment of the teleneurology network in August 2014. The cost reduction was estimated using the Medicare 5% standard analytic files. Results A total of 4296 stroke patients were evaluated during the study period. Of these, 2493 were seen before and 1803 were seen after the implementation of the teleneurology network at the included sites. Patients in the pre-teleneurology group were older (66.4 years ( SD = 14.7 years) vs. 67.8 years ( SD = 15.1 years); p = 0.002). Otherwise, there were no differences in baseline characteristics. Patients in the pre-teleneurology group were more likely to be transferred to the telestroke hub (29.4% vs. 20.2%; p < 0.001). The estimated mean cost reduction for each one minus the cost of transfer was estimated to be US$4997. Discussion The implementation of an inpatient teleneurology network was associated with a significant reduction in the transfer rate of stroke patients to hospitals with a higher level of care and could lead to a significant cost reduction.

scholarly journals 567. Does Universal Nasal Decolonization with an Alcohol-Based Nasal Antiseptic Reduce Infection Risk and Cost?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S268-S268
Author(s):  
Scott Arden
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Chlorhexidine Bathing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Nasal decolonization with mupirocin to reduce infection risk, has been associated with mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA). A community hospital identified two patients colonized with methicillin and mupirocin-resistant SA (MRSA), one scheduled for surgery, one for inpatient IV antibiotic therapy. Instead of mupirocin, an alcohol based nasal antiseptic was applied to these patients twice daily for 5 days, resulting in a negative MRSA nasal screening test in both patients. Neither patient developed an infection during or after treatment. Building on this success, a plan was made to assess the impact of universal nasal decolonization to replace screening and contact precautions for MRSA colonized patients, and to reduce surgical site infections (SSI). Methods A 12-month project using a before and after design, was initiated in April 2018. The project involved twice daily application of alcohol-based nasal antiseptic for all inpatients, and preoperatively for all surgical patients in addition to existing preoperative chlorhexidine bathing. No other practice change was made during this period. Assessment of impact was planned by comparing the incidence of MRSA bacteremia and SSI at baseline (2017) and after project implementation, in addition to costs avoided with reduction of nasal screening and CP. Results Compared with baseline, between April 2018 and March 2019, there was a decrease in MRSA bacteremia from 3/1,000 patient-days to 0/1,000 patient-days, a reduction in CP from 3.78 to 1.53/1,000 patient-days, a reduction in nasal screens from 3,874 to 605, and a reduction of all-cause (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) SSI after all surgical procedures from 3/4,313 procedures to 0/4,872 procedures. After accounting for the cost of the nasal antiseptic, the reduction in gowns, gloves and nasal screening tests resulted in $104,099.91costs avoided. Conclusion House-wide application of alcohol-based nasal antiseptic in place of screening and contact precautions, resulted in a reduced incidence of both MRSA bacteremia and SSI for all types of surgical procedures, in addition to significant costs avoided. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PERFORMANCE MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Business Combination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nigerian Banking

Business combination through mergers and acquisitions has become a global phenomenon to achieve economies of scale and higher productivity. This study evaluated the impact of mergers and acquisitions which started in 2005 on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria using a sample of ten (10) banks. This research made use of secondary data, obtained from the bank’s annual reports and statements of accounts covering a period of 1999-2018. Using four (4) variables; earning per share (EPS), net profit margin (NPM), assets utilization (AUT), and leverage (LEV), the study evaluated the performance of the banks before and after mergers and acquisitions using pair sample t-test. The results showed that there is significant difference in the performances of Deposit Money Banks in the pre and post-merger periods using the EPS and NPM yardstick but shows no significant impacts in the performances of Deposit Money Bank using AUT and LEV as yardstick. The study hereby recommends that the CBN should set and enforce better corporate governance standards for commercial banks and also enforce risk based supervision in banks.

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