scholarly journals Transparency, Photography, and the A-Theory of Time

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Sim-Hui Tee
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Photographic Image ◽  
English Only ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] Walton’s thesis of transparency of photographs has spurred much dispute among critics. One of the popular objections is spatial agnosticism, an argument that concerns the inertia of egocentric spatial information vis-a-vis a photograph. In this paper, I argue that spatial agnosticism fails. Spatial agnostics claim, for a wrong reason, that a photographic image cannot carry egocentric spatial information. I argue that it is the disjuncture of the photographic world in which the depicted object situated from the space in which the viewer of the photograph resides that renders the photograph spatially agnostic. It is the timeless photographic world rather than the photographic object that renders egocentric spatial information inert. With this new formulation of spatial agnosticism, I propose that spatial agnosticism needs to be coupled with the temporal dimension (the A-theory of time) in the efforts to refute the thesis of transparency of photographs.

scholarly journals On the Difference between the Two Barbaras

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Živilė Pabijutaitė
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
English Only ◽  
Modal Operators ◽  
De Dicto ◽  
Modal Syllogistic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] The paper deals with the problem of the “two Barbaras” in the Aristotelian modal syllogistic. The problem consists in Aristotle’s differing views on two at a first sight similar in nature syllogisms of mixed assertoric (X) and necessary (L) premises: Barbara LXL and Barbara XLL. The fact that Aristotle believed the first syllogism to be valid and the second one – not, has been received either 1) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be invalid, or 2) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be valid, or 3) positively, by giving a reason why the two Barbaras differ. We commit ourselves to the position (3) by proving that modal propositions for Aristotle have their modalities de dicto and that Aristotelian modal operators act according to their own separate rules where only the type of the modality of a major premise is relevant for the modal status of the conclusion.

scholarly journals Normativity of Scientific Laws (I): Two Kinds of Normativity

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Ave Mets
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Research Project ◽  
English Only ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Scientific Laws ◽  
Implicit Normativity ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This article presents the results of a broader research project which aims to argue for the normativity of scientific laws. Usually scientific laws are regarded as descriptive, which contrasts them to prescriptive norms. To show their normativity, I utilize the logical account of explicitly normative systems by Carlos Alchourrón and Eugenio Bulygin (1971). I identify the characteristic elements of normativity and analyse accounts of implicit normativity in science using those terms to show the affinities of explicit and implicit normativities. The research project continues with the substantiation of the normativity of scientific laws in detail and the results will be presented in Normativity of Scientific Laws (II) (Mets 2018).

scholarly journals The Pessimistic Induction and the Golden Rule

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungbae Park
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Pessimistic Induction ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
English Only ◽  
Article Abstract ◽  
Scientific Antirealism

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] Nickles advocates scientific antirealism by appealing to the illusion hypothesis, the pessimistic induction over scientific theories, Darwin’s evolutionary theory, and the problem of underdetermination. I object that both the illusion hypothesis and evolutionary theory clash with the pessimistic induction and with the problem of underdetermination. I also argue that Nickles’s positive philosophical theories are subject to Park’s pessimistic induction over antirealists. Finally, I apply the Golden Rule to antirealists, viz., if antirealists do not want scientists to run the pessimistic induction over antirealists, antirealists ought not to run the pessimistic induction over scientific theories.

scholarly journals The Frege–Geach Problem, Modus Ponens, and Legal Language

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Vitaly Ogleznev
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Modus Ponens ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Critical Argument ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pragmatic Interpretation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This paper proposes a new pragmatic interpretation of the Frege–Geach problem and presents a possible solution using a model of ascriptive legal language. The first section includes the definition of the Frege–Geach problem. In the second section, I analyze the content of Geach’s critical argument against prescriptivism in ethics. I discuss what Geach means by ascriptivism, why he mixes it with prescriptivism, and why a particular article by Herbert Hart became the subject of criticism by Geach. The third section proposes a possible solution to the Frege–Geach problem based on the explication of the assertoric force of ascriptive legal utterances and the performativity of legal language.

scholarly journals Some Considerations of Restorative Justice Before and Outside of Contemporary Western States

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 5-42
Author(s):  
Annette Kuhlmann ◽  
Helmut Kury
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Short Description ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This article provides an overview of the main themes and controversies in the restorative justice discussions in Europe and the US with special attention to the role of victims and mediators. This discussion is contextualized through a short description of the history of both state-centered and community-oriented restorative systems in response to law violation. Indigenous and pre-state formation responses to crime have predominantly been of a restorative nature with an interest in healing the harm experienced by all participants, aimed at addressing social problems and strengthening the community as a whole.

scholarly journals From Spontaneous Experience to the Cosmos: Arne Næss’ Phenomenology

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Valera
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Total Field ◽  
Relational Ontology ◽  
Phenomenological Inquiry ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
English Only ◽  
Ecological Self ◽  
Phenomenological Perspective ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] The aim of this paper is to focus on Arne Nass’s phenomenological method and some of its anthropological and cosmological implications. Nass’s Ecology, Community and Lifestyle, in fact, can be fruitfully read as an example of phenomenological inquiry, in which the notion of “spontaneous experience” plays a fundamental role. This method leads Nass to develop a “relational ontology,” in which the “ecological self” is seen as a “relational junction within the total field.” In addition, I show how Tymieniecka’s philosophical thought can offer us the proper eco-phenomenological perspective to better understand Nass’s Ecosophy T.

scholarly journals Political Violence: A Typology

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Institutional Violence ◽  
English Only ◽  
Group Violence ◽  
Systemic Violence ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This paper offers a typology of different forms of political violence, linking them in a continuum and in an interdependent field of forces. The forms identified are systemic violence, institutional violence, group violence, armed struggle, terrorism and war. In the final section, after discussing how these types of violence influence one another, a strategy is suggested for their simultaneous reduction.  

Neural Representation of Space Using Sinusoidal Arrays

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Touretzky ◽  
A. David Redish ◽  
Hank S. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Representation Of Space

O'Keefe (1991) has proposed that spatial information in rats might be represented as phasors: phase and amplitude of a sine wave encoding angle and distance to a landmark. We describe computer simulations showing that operations on phasors can be efficiently realized by arrays of spiking neurons that recode the temporal dimension of the sine wave spatially. Some cells in motor and parietal cortex exhibit response properties compatible with this proposal.

Bazin and Photography in the Twenty-First Century: Poverty of Ontology?

Paragraph ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Stafford
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Photographic Image ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
First Time

According to André Rouillé (2005) the search for photography's ontology is both fruitless and pointless. Six decades after André Bazin's seminal essay, ‘The Ontology of the Photographic Image’ (1945), there is a concerted attempt to remove photography from the ‘reliquary’ of death in which Bazin had (seemingly) locked it. Preferring ‘genesis’ to ‘result’, Bazin had suggested that photography benefited from an ‘essential objectivity’ and that it was close to being a ‘natural phenomenon’: for the first time in history, representation of the external world emerges, mechanically, without human intervention. For Rouillé however, this is a ‘poverty of ontology’, a theory of the ‘index’ based on Peirce erroneously attached to a semiotics of the photographic image. So what happens to the photograph's temporal dimension, crucial to Bazin's definition, if we reject the image as record of the ‘that-has-been’ (Barthes)? Can we still use Bazin's ontology in the twenty-first century?

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