scholarly journals Normativity of Scientific Laws (I): Two Kinds of Normativity

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Ave Mets
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Research Project ◽  
English Only ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Scientific Laws ◽  
Implicit Normativity ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This article presents the results of a broader research project which aims to argue for the normativity of scientific laws. Usually scientific laws are regarded as descriptive, which contrasts them to prescriptive norms. To show their normativity, I utilize the logical account of explicitly normative systems by Carlos Alchourrón and Eugenio Bulygin (1971). I identify the characteristic elements of normativity and analyse accounts of implicit normativity in science using those terms to show the affinities of explicit and implicit normativities. The research project continues with the substantiation of the normativity of scientific laws in detail and the results will be presented in Normativity of Scientific Laws (II) (Mets 2018).

scholarly journals On the Difference between the Two Barbaras

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Živilė Pabijutaitė
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
English Only ◽  
Modal Operators ◽  
De Dicto ◽  
Modal Syllogistic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] The paper deals with the problem of the “two Barbaras” in the Aristotelian modal syllogistic. The problem consists in Aristotle’s differing views on two at a first sight similar in nature syllogisms of mixed assertoric (X) and necessary (L) premises: Barbara LXL and Barbara XLL. The fact that Aristotle believed the first syllogism to be valid and the second one – not, has been received either 1) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be invalid, or 2) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be valid, or 3) positively, by giving a reason why the two Barbaras differ. We commit ourselves to the position (3) by proving that modal propositions for Aristotle have their modalities de dicto and that Aristotelian modal operators act according to their own separate rules where only the type of the modality of a major premise is relevant for the modal status of the conclusion.

scholarly journals The Pessimistic Induction and the Golden Rule

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungbae Park
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Pessimistic Induction ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
English Only ◽  
Article Abstract ◽  
Scientific Antirealism

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] Nickles advocates scientific antirealism by appealing to the illusion hypothesis, the pessimistic induction over scientific theories, Darwin’s evolutionary theory, and the problem of underdetermination. I object that both the illusion hypothesis and evolutionary theory clash with the pessimistic induction and with the problem of underdetermination. I also argue that Nickles’s positive philosophical theories are subject to Park’s pessimistic induction over antirealists. Finally, I apply the Golden Rule to antirealists, viz., if antirealists do not want scientists to run the pessimistic induction over antirealists, antirealists ought not to run the pessimistic induction over scientific theories.

scholarly journals The Frege–Geach Problem, Modus Ponens, and Legal Language

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Vitaly Ogleznev
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Modus Ponens ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Critical Argument ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pragmatic Interpretation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This paper proposes a new pragmatic interpretation of the Frege–Geach problem and presents a possible solution using a model of ascriptive legal language. The first section includes the definition of the Frege–Geach problem. In the second section, I analyze the content of Geach’s critical argument against prescriptivism in ethics. I discuss what Geach means by ascriptivism, why he mixes it with prescriptivism, and why a particular article by Herbert Hart became the subject of criticism by Geach. The third section proposes a possible solution to the Frege–Geach problem based on the explication of the assertoric force of ascriptive legal utterances and the performativity of legal language.

scholarly journals Transparency, Photography, and the A-Theory of Time

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Sim-Hui Tee
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Photographic Image ◽  
English Only ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] Walton’s thesis of transparency of photographs has spurred much dispute among critics. One of the popular objections is spatial agnosticism, an argument that concerns the inertia of egocentric spatial information vis-a-vis a photograph. In this paper, I argue that spatial agnosticism fails. Spatial agnostics claim, for a wrong reason, that a photographic image cannot carry egocentric spatial information. I argue that it is the disjuncture of the photographic world in which the depicted object situated from the space in which the viewer of the photograph resides that renders the photograph spatially agnostic. It is the timeless photographic world rather than the photographic object that renders egocentric spatial information inert. With this new formulation of spatial agnosticism, I propose that spatial agnosticism needs to be coupled with the temporal dimension (the A-theory of time) in the efforts to refute the thesis of transparency of photographs.

scholarly journals Some Considerations of Restorative Justice Before and Outside of Contemporary Western States

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 5-42
Author(s):  
Annette Kuhlmann ◽  
Helmut Kury
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Short Description ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This article provides an overview of the main themes and controversies in the restorative justice discussions in Europe and the US with special attention to the role of victims and mediators. This discussion is contextualized through a short description of the history of both state-centered and community-oriented restorative systems in response to law violation. Indigenous and pre-state formation responses to crime have predominantly been of a restorative nature with an interest in healing the harm experienced by all participants, aimed at addressing social problems and strengthening the community as a whole.

scholarly journals From Spontaneous Experience to the Cosmos: Arne Næss’ Phenomenology

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Valera
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Total Field ◽  
Relational Ontology ◽  
Phenomenological Inquiry ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
English Only ◽  
Ecological Self ◽  
Phenomenological Perspective ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] The aim of this paper is to focus on Arne Nass’s phenomenological method and some of its anthropological and cosmological implications. Nass’s Ecology, Community and Lifestyle, in fact, can be fruitfully read as an example of phenomenological inquiry, in which the notion of “spontaneous experience” plays a fundamental role. This method leads Nass to develop a “relational ontology,” in which the “ecological self” is seen as a “relational junction within the total field.” In addition, I show how Tymieniecka’s philosophical thought can offer us the proper eco-phenomenological perspective to better understand Nass’s Ecosophy T.

scholarly journals Political Violence: A Typology

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Institutional Violence ◽  
English Only ◽  
Group Violence ◽  
Systemic Violence ◽  
Article Abstract

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This paper offers a typology of different forms of political violence, linking them in a continuum and in an interdependent field of forces. The forms identified are systemic violence, institutional violence, group violence, armed struggle, terrorism and war. In the final section, after discussing how these types of violence influence one another, a strategy is suggested for their simultaneous reduction.  

scholarly journals The Philosophical Mea Culpa of the Icons of the Death of the Author

Problemos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Nysret Krasniqi
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Literary Identity ◽  
Death Of The Author ◽  
Article Abstract ◽  
Literary Legacy

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] We will hereinafter discuss the author’s philosophy on gnoseological and historical premises. More precisely, by exploring the genealogy of the idea of the “Death of the Author” from modernism to postmodernism, we will analyse the concepts and ideologies that have become the stratagem of the denial of western literary canon, as well as the denial of equilibrium between philosophical and literary identity and universality. By treating the works of philosophers, authors, and fundamental semiologists who perpetuated the idea of the Death of the Author, we will observe how the latter gradually fled from the philosophy of doubt and as mea culpa admitted that without the author’s authority the philosophical and literary legacy is no longer the theatre of memory, but the abyss of oblivion. Moreover, with fundamental examples, we will observe the influence of this philosophy in the process of studying of the literature.  

scholarly journals Le dictionnaire: d'un ouvrage de partage à un objet personnel et personnalisé

Verbum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hélène Manuelian
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Reference Book ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Nouvelles Technologies ◽  
Search Modes ◽  
Article Abstract ◽  
Research Tools

[full article, abstract in French; abstract in English] Au début des années 2000, avec l’informatisation, seuls les modes de recherche dans les dictionnaires avaient évolué. A cette période, on se réjouissait de pouvoir faire facilement des recherches thématiques dans les dictionnaires, grâce notamment à des outils de recherche « plein texte ». Parallèlement, on s’inquiétait de la fiabilité des dictionnaires « collaboratifs », conçus grâce aux technologies du wiki et dans lesquels les utilisateurs pouvaient faire des modifications. Aujourd’hui, de nouveaux dictionnaires apparaissent : des dictionnaires que l’on peut fabriquer soi-même, à l’aide d’outils simples d’utilisation, et qui permettent à chacun de personnaliser son dictionnaire. L’article montrera que la personnalisation des dictionnaires change de façon radicale notre rapport au savoir (nous construisons nous-même notre ouvrage de référence), notre rapport à l’expert (serions-nous tous des lexicographes ?) et notre rapport même à l’utilisation du dictionnaire, puisqu’il devient un outil personnel et non plus un outil de partage. Mots-clés: lexicographie, dictionnaires, wiki, nouvelles technologies. Dictionaries: from information-sharing tools to highly customized objects In the early 2000s, only search modes in dictionaries had evolved. In this period, it was challenging to be able to make easily thematic researches in dictionaries, due to “full text” research tools. At the same time, we were questioning about the reliability of the "collaborative" dictionaries, designed thanks to the technologies of the wiki and in which the users could make modifications. Today, new dictionaries appear: dictionaries made by the user himself, for himself, by means of easy to use tools, and which allow every user to make his dictionary. The article will show that the customization of dictionaries changes in a radical way our relation to the knowledge (we build ourselves our reference book), our relation to the expert (would we be all lexicographers?) and our way of using the dictionary, because it becomes a personal tool and it is no more a way of sharing a language.

scholarly journals Normativity of Scientific Laws (II): Aspects of Implicit Normativity

Problemos ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ave Mets
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Laws ◽  
Implicit Normativity

[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba]Straipsnyje „Mokslo dėsnių normatyvumas (I)“ buvo atskirtas implicitinis ir eksplicitinis normatyvumas ir remiantis Josephu Rouse’u buvo parodyta, kad mokslo dėsniuose glūdi tai, ką Carlosas Alchourrónas ir Eugenijus Bulyginas laiko normatyvo branduoliu. Šiame straipsnyje šis teiginys plėtojamas išskiriant šešis mokslo dėsnių implicitinio normatyvumo aspektus: (1a) bendrąjį ir (1b) specialųjį konceptualinį normatyvumą, susijusį su analitiniu mąstymu ir specialiomis mokslinėmis terminologijomis; (2a) teorinį ir (2b) materialinį episteminį normatyvumą, susijusį su matematiniu ir eksperimentiniu pasaulio apskaitomumu; (3a) siaurąjį ir (3b) platųjį praktinį normatyvumą, susijusį su technologijomis siauresne ir platesne reikšme.

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