scholarly journals THE PRIORITIES OF RECONSTRUCTION OF URBAN SERVICE SUBBRANCHES OF LIFE ACTIVITY IN DONBAS: SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-134
Author(s):  
О.V. Tarasevych ◽  
◽  
Ye.S. Hradoboyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Urban Service

The article analyzes the state of the main city service subsectors of the sphere of life — heat-, water supply and sewerage systems of the cities affected by the armed conflict in Donbas. Also, the most acute problems of heat-, water supply and sewerage systems of the cities in Donbas which suffer from their ecological condition, quality of public utilities and economic conditions of the relevant municipal enterprises, and therefore need to be addressed restoration are systematized and generalized. Particular attention is paid to assessing the consequences of environmental threats associated with the operation of urban service subsectors in the cities of Donbas, affected by the conflict, as well as analysis of the financial, economic and technical condition of the largest enterprises of water supply and sewerage and heat utilities in post-conflict areas, the dynamics of annual deterioration of the main relevant indicators are estimated. This allows to substantiate the priorities of restoration and ensuring the reliable functioning of urban service subsectors in Donbas, including consideration of the possibility of giving priority to financing projects related to the diversification of urban water supply sources, renewal of production infrastructure, reconstruction of heating facilities with the installation of modern energy-efficient equipment, etc., expanding sources of funding for relevant measures, simplifying the conditions for receiving state aid by urban enterprises in Donetsk and Luhansk regions affected by the armed conflict, through the introduction of state programs to support and develop this functional type of territory. The developed proposals for taking priority measures aimed at restoring and ensuring the reliable operation of heat-, water supply and sewerage systems of cities in the post-conflict areas of Donbas will allow each of the stakeholders (public authorities and local governments, municipal enterprises of relevant urban sub-sectors) social (improving public utilities for all categories of consumers in the region), environmental (ensuring environmental safety and improving the environmental condition of both Donbas cities affected by the conflict and neighbouring cities and regions) and economic effects (increasing efficiency by reducing costs and losses of energy and resources in the production and transportation of relevant services and, therefore, growth of investment attractiveness of both city-serving subsectors and the sphere of life in general).

scholarly journals The effects of armed conflict on forest cover changes across temporal and spatial scales in the Colombian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar V. Bautista-Cespedes ◽  
Louise Willemen ◽  
Augusto Castro-Nunez ◽  
Thomas A. Groen
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Forest Cover Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Colombian Amazon

AbstractThe Amazon rainforest covers roughly 40% of Colombia’s territory and has important global ecological functions. For more than 50 years, an internal war in the country has shaped this region. Peace negotiations between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) initiated in 2012 resulted in a progressive de-escalation of violence and a complete ceasefire in 2016. This study explores the role of different deforestation drivers including armed conflict variables, in explaining deforestation for three periods between 2001 and 2015. Iterative regression analyses were carried out for two spatial extents: the entire Colombian Amazon and a subset area which was most affected by deforestation. The results show that conflict variables have positive relationships with deforestation; yet, they are not among the main variables explaining deforestation. Accessibility and biophysical variables explain more variation. Nevertheless, conflict variables show divergent influence on deforestation depending on the period and scale of analysis. Based on these results, we develop deforestation risk maps to inform the design of forest conservation efforts in the post-conflict period.

Delivering water services during protracted armed conflicts: How development agencies can overcome barriers to collaboration with humanitarian actors

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (912) ◽  
pp. 1067-1089
Author(s):  
Edoardo Borgomeo
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Development Agencies ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThis note discusses the challenges of water service delivery before, during and after protracted armed conflict, focusing on barriers that may impede successful transition from emergency to development interventions. The barriers are grouped according to three major contributing factors (three “C”s): culture (organizational goals and procedures), cash (financing practices) and capacity (know-how). By way of examples, the note explores ways in which development agencies can overcome these barriers during the three phases of a protracted armed conflict, using examples of World Bank projects and experiences in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Before the crisis, development agencies need to work to prevent armed conflict. In a situation of active armed conflict or when conflict escalates, development agencies need to remain engaged as much as possible, as this will speed up post-conflict recovery. When conflict subsides, development agencies need to balance the relative effort placed on providing urgently needed emergency relief and water supply and sanitation services with the effort placed on re-establishing sector oversight roles and capacity of local institutions to oversee and manage service delivery in the long term.

The “Kouwenhoven” Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 568-704
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Arms Embargo ◽  
Witness Statements

Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Liberia — UN Security Council Resolutions 1343 (2001) and 1408 (2002) — Implementation of arms embargo under Dutch law — Whether sanctions regime violatedInternational criminal law — Difference between perpetrator and accomplice liability — Complicity in war crimes — Requirement that defendant promoted or facilitated the commission of war crimes — Conditional intent — Whether defendant consciously accepted the probability that war crimes would be committed in connection with his material support — Risk of doing business with a government engaged in international criminal activityInternational criminal law — Evidence — Admissibility and weight of witness statements — Factors relevant to assessing witness statements obtained in post-conflict environment — Coercion of witnesses — Whether inconsistencies in witness statements requiring acquittalInternational criminal law — Circumstances excusing unlawful conduct — National emergency — Whether violations of arms embargo and laws and customs of war justified by right to self-defence under international lawJurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction — War crimes — Prosecution of a Dutch national for offences committed abroad — Whether conduct of investigation by Dutch authorities making prosecution inadmissible — Whether amnesty scheme in Liberia barrier to prosecution — No violation of fair trial rightsWar and armed conflict — Existence of armed conflict — Whether armed conflict international or internal — Limited gap between norms applicable to international versus non-international armed conflict — Whether violations of laws and customs of war giving rise to individual criminal liability under Dutch law — The law of the Netherlands

The material and technical condition of the outpatient polyclinic in Russian Federation: analysis of the current situation

2022 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Aleksey Viktorovich Smyshlyaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Major Overhaul ◽  
Central Heating ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hot Water Supply

The article analyzes the main indicators of the technical condition of buildings of outpatient medical organizations (units) in the Russian Federation for the period 2012–2019. The number of outpatient medical organizations (units) in emergency condition and requiring demolition tended to decrease from 215 units to 96 for the period from 2012 to 2017 in the Russian Federation. The number of units requiring reconstruction in the Russian Federation declined from 511 to 179 for 2012–2019. The number of units requiring major overhaul in the Russian Federation went down from 4,347 to 2,378 for the period from 2012 to 2018, and in 2019 rose sharply to 4,113. The number of units located in adapted premises increased from 6,723 to 8,126 for 2014–2019 in the Russian Federation. The number of units located in the rented area in the Russian Federation decreased from 1,443 to 1,414 for 2014–2019. The number of units with central water supply went up from 17559 to 19440 for 2012–2019 in the Russian Federation. The number of units with hot water supply in the Russian Federation increased from 13,012 to 15,124 for 2012–2019. The number of units with central heating rose from 16,893 to 17,546 for 2012–2019 in the Russian Federation. The number of units with a central sewer went up from 17,111 to 18,969 in the Russian Federation for 2012–2019. The number of units with telephone communication increased from 17,806 to 19,266 for 2012–2019 in the Russian Federation. The number of units with autonomous power supply rose from 941 to 1,227 in the Russian Federation for 2012–2019. The total number of outpatient medical organizations (units) in the study period increased by 7.9 %. The number of buildings requiring renovation and modernization between 2012 and 2018 tended to decrease. Not all indicators have a positive trend. Health care modernization is not completely structural.

Discussion of “The Influence of Zoning on the Design of Public Utilities: A Symposium: Zoning and Water Supply”

1925 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 0722-0738
Author(s):  
Morris Knowles ◽  
Albert P. Allen ◽  
E. P. Goodrich ◽  
William T. Lyle ◽  
C. E. Brewer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Utilities

scholarly journals Coping Strategies Used by Female Victims of the Colombian Armed Conflict: The Women in the Colombian Conflict (MUCOCO) Program

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401989407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ubillos-Landa ◽  
Alicia Puente-Martínez ◽  
Gina Arias-Rodríguez ◽  
Marcela Gracia-Leiva ◽  
José Luis González-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Las Mujeres

The effects of armed conflict on women in post-conflict situations are an area of analysis for social disciplines. This study will analyze the situation in Colombia, currently involved in a peace restoration process. The aim is to verify the efficacy of a coping and emotion regulation program analyzing victimization as well as the coping strategies employed in response to these violent acts. The program focuses on 62 women contacted through the Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres, a nongovernmental organization. The program had a positive effect on women, reporting lower levels of posttraumatic stress, more functional coping strategies, and less use of dysfunctional strategies. All emotional cognitive and social indicators improved. Women felt emotionally better, perceiving greater social support and more trust in institutions. Survivors had more self-confidence to achieve their goals and solve their problems. The implications in a context of peace reconstruction and search for social cohesion are discussed.

scholarly journals Conflictos Socio-Espaciales Procesos de Resistencia y Justicia Espacial en el Escenario del Postconflicto en las Ciudades Colombianas / Socio-Spatial Conflicts, Processes of Resistance and Spatial Scenario of Justice In Post-Conflict in Colombian Cities

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Torres-Tovar ◽  
Marysol Rojas-Pabón
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Right To The City ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace Accords ◽  
The City

RESUMENColombia discute a 2016 Acuerdos de Paz con las insurgencias (FARC y ELN), que darían culminación a más de cinco décadas de conflicto social y armado, el cual inició con un país mayoritariamente rural y que hoy es urbano. Sin embargo, las negociaciones no contemplan la ciudad, desconociendo las dinámicas y conflictos presentes en esta. Esta situación nos remite a pensar cómo en un contexto de postconflicto, las ciudades resolverán los conflictos socio-espaciales y darán atención a las demandas que han marcado los procesos de resistencia urbana y territorial, así como se podrá garantizar la justicia espacial y la materialización del derecho a la ciudad. Este artículo plantea algunas de estas tensiones.Palabras Clave: ciudad, postconflicto, Colombia RESUMOColômbia discute em 2016 Acordos de Paz com as guerrilhas (FARC e ELN), que seriam resultado de mais de cinco décadas de conflito social e armado, que começou com um país predominantemente rural e que hoje é urbano. No entanto, as negociações não incluem a cidade, ignorando as dinâmicas e os conflitos ali presentes. Esta situação leva-nos a pensar como num contexto de pós-conflito cidades resolver os conflitos sócio-espaciais e dar atenção às demandas que marcaram os processos de resistência urbana e territorial e ser garantida a justiça espacial e a realização de direito à cidade. Este artigo discute algumas dessas tensões.Palavras-chave: cidade, pós-conflito, Colômbia ABSTRACTColombia discussed 2016 Peace Accords with insurgencies (FARC and ELN), which would culmination of more than five decades of social and armed conflict, which began with a predominantly rural country and today is urban. However, the negotiations do not include the city, ignoring the dynamics and conflicts present in this. This situation leads us to think how in a context of post-conflict cities solve the socio-spatial conflicts and give attention to the demands that have marked the processes of urban and territorial resistance and be guaranteed spatial justice and the realization of right to the city. This article discusses some of these tensions.Keywords: city, post-conflict, Colombia

scholarly journals Influence of the quality of drinking water supply sources on the formation of the ecologically-dependent pathology of the population of the Republic of Dagestan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
M. G. Daudova ◽  
R. B. Bagomedova ◽  
K. K. Bekshokov ◽  
M. M. Medzhidova ◽  
S. M. Nakhibashev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
The Republic

Aim. Study of the influence of drinking water quality on the ecologically-dependent morbidity of the population of the Republic of Dagestan.Material and Methods. Methods of current and retrospective analysis of regional health indicators and methods of mathematical-statistical and medical-geographical analysis were used. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the STATISTICA and Excel software packages. When carrying out laboratory studies on the quality of drinking water, we used a Lumex atomic absorption spectrometer "MGA-915MD".Results. Numerous hygiene studies indicate the direct impact of unsatisfactory drinking water quality on the health of a population. The relationship between sanitary and chemical indicators and the incidence rate for a number of nosological forms has been proven. It is generally accepted that human health is influenced by lifestyle factors (working, living and relaxation conditions), heredity and the ecological condition of the area of residence, including the quality of drinking water. Although it is not possible to differentiate the share of the negative effect caused by the consumption of poor quality drinking water but the incidence of certain nosological forms (cancer of the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and kidney diseases) in the those regions of the Republic of Dagestan under consideration correlates with the characteristics of drinking water.Conclusion. The problem of pollution of water supply sources for the population in the dynamics of the long-term remains a priority concern. The quality and safety of drinking water are decreasing, which cannot but have a negative impact on public health. Correlation linkages between indicators of drinking water quality and oncological morbidity of the population were also established in indicators below the maximum permissible concentrations, which corresponds to a typical logistic model of causal relationships and serves as evidence of the high dependence of health disorders on chemical contamination of water supply sources. 

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL BUDGETS ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BUDGET OF THE CITY OF IRPIN)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Lisnichuk ◽  
◽  
Vita Shvorak ◽  
Viktoriia Mazur ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Intergovernmental Transfers ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Local Budget ◽  
The City

The local budgets are an instrument of financial-economic regulation of the development of regions and the State as a whole. Both the efficient formation and administration of local budgets should be based on a combination of financial-economic relationships in the area of revenue generation, implementation of budget expenditures, the inter-budgetary relations and the development together with implementation of the balanced socio-economic policies directed towards ensuring the socio-economic growth of regions. The reform of budget decentralization has provided local governments with broader rights and new sources of financial resources, which has collectively increased the financial viability and autonomy of the regions. In this article article considers the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of local budgets (on the example of the budget of the city of Irpin). The sources of formation are described city budget revenues and directions of their use. In a section of revenue breakdown components of tax revenues on the main taxes and non-tax receipts of the local budget are analyzed. Specific weight of the intergovernmental transfers in the course of formation of income of local budgets is investigated. Analyses directions of use of budgetary resources by local governments. The main problems existing when forming revenues of local budgets are defined. Having analyzed the structure and dynamics of revenues and expenditures of the local budget. The revenues of the local budget of the city of Irpin have shown a growing dynamics, and expenditures tend to increase. The analysis shows that there are tendencies to increase their volume, which is certainly a positive aspect of the activities of local governments and decentralization reform. However, transfers make up an important part of the budget, which is negative, as the city budget is not fully independent. Of course, it is impossible to achieve full financial independence of the region in modern conditions, but it would be expedient to direct the vector of development to achieve financial independence. Analysis of the structure of expenditures by functional classification shows that during 2016-2019 most of the expenditures of local budgets were directed to the socio-cultural sphere. According to the analysis, the city of Irpin has a strong enough financial base to meet the needs of its residents. In addition, the analysis of the use of the city budget shows the diversity of expenditures and the presence of positive experience of community development.

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