Social Movements in Cities

How social movements are rooted in specific places has been of interest to scholars of collective action, as well as geography and sociology generally. Social movements, in general, are characterized by the sustained mobilization of people sharing social or political aims. The characteristics of cities, as distinct from rural geographies, play a role in the development of urban social movements, offering concentrations and a diversity of people, resources, and power. Academic literature on the topic examines how cities are conducive to, or constrain, the development of social movements. Although the term urban social movement first appears in scholarly literature in 1972, cities have been key sites of contention at least since industrialization in the 1800s. Cities remained prominent throughout the rise of new social movements and transnational summit protests. In more recent decades, networked movements such as Occupy have renewed questions about inequalities and the right to the city. In short, cities are both a prominent focus and locus of contention. This bibliography focuses on academic literature on the city as the locus and focus of social movements, aiming to provide a selection rather than a comprehensive list. Other, not specifically urban aspects of transnational and domestic social movements are covered in other Oxford Bibliographies articles. This bibliography pays particular attention to works which impacted debates in the field, including contrasting perspectives, as well as diverse methodological approaches.

INCIDENCIA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN TERRITORIAL EN LA MOVILIDAD COTIDIANA DE MUJERES CASO DE ESTUDIO: CIUDADELA JAIME ROLDÓS DE CUENCA, ECUADOR

Las condiciones de movilidad de los ciudadanos no son equitativas, están atravesadas por diversos factores como el nivel socio-económico, las capacidades motrices, la edad y el género. Esta investigación se enfoca en la movilidad en transporte público de mujeres que residen en un barrio precario de Cuenca: la Ciudadela Jaime Roldós; se estudia la incidencia de la distribución territorial en sus desplazamientos. Para ello, se analiza, mediante entrevistas semi – estructuradas y cartografía social, de qué forma perciben sus recorridos en autobús al atravesar la ciudad. Se encuentra que el defciente servicio de transporte público produce viajes extensos, lo que provoca que las entrevistadas inviertan mucho tiempo en movilizarse. Así también, la percepción de inseguridad constante, el acoso y violencia sexual es un factor que defne sus viajes; no obstante, preferen el autobús por su economía. Estudios como este permiten visibilizar que las condiciones de movilidad aún están lejos de ser equitativas para todos los ciudadanos. Palabras clave: Transporte público, derecho a la ciudad, movilidad cotidiana, barrio precario, equidad de género AbstractThis thesis focuses on the daily mobility on public transportation of women residing in a precarious neighborhood of Cuenca. The incidence of territorial distribution on displacements was studied. To achieve this, an analysis, through semi - structured interviews and social cartography on how they perceive their bus routes when crossing the city, was carried out. It was found that poor public transport service produced extensive travel, which caused respondents to spend a lot of time to get around. Likewise, the perception of constant insecurity,harassment and sexual violence was a factor that defned their travels. Yet, they preferred bus service for its economy. Keywords: Public transport, right to the city, daily mobility, slum, gender equality.

Towards a spatialized utopia: romanticism and everyday life in the Marxism of Henri Lefebvre

The presence of the spatial element in the reflections of Henri Lefebvre does not merely result from work involving the translation and adaptation of critical thinking developed up until his time. The realization that not even the highest expression of the critical tradition had sufficiently noticed this crucial dimension of life was one of the connecting points between theoretical advance, represented by the spatial orientation of critique, and the effort to renew the utopian horizon. A very distinct assimilation of the early work of Marx and the proximity to revolutionary romanticism, particularly of Nietzschean extraction, rendered a decisive impact on Lefebvrian conception. Practice, body, pleasure and instincts, recovering their place in the critical social imagination, went on to become the basis for the re-foundation of a theoretical-practical program that involved the formulation of the notion of the right to the city. The perspective of appropriation thus replaced the vague emancipatory statements of the subject's philosophies.

The Right or Wrong to the City? Understanding Citizen Participation in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Eras in Malaysia

The right to the city concept is widely debated in academic discourse yet ambiguously executed in public discourse. In much of the discussion, the right to the city is advocated as a right that humans should claim—i.e., participating in urban space living. Nonetheless, constraints and limits are imposed on such advocacy, resulting in a tokenized implementation state. With such a background surmounting the COVID-19 pandemic era, this study is aimed at understanding the right to the city propagation and revealing the possible wrongs of such civic advocacy. Multiple cases in Malaysia were selected for analysis and as the discussion context representing the state-of-the-art aspect of right to the city in the context of an emerging country. Two potential misconceptions through the action of right to the city were identified: first, the concept of right to the city has the potential to infringe the centrality of power, which both citizens and the authority have to make clear; second, the lack of a sign of contribution from citizens poses a severe challenge to build a co-created urban space for all. This paper contributes to removing a blind spot—the possible wrong to the right to the city—and provides ideas to achieve authentic citizen participation.

The End of the Right to the City: A Radical-Cooperative View

Is the Right to the City (RTTC) still a useful framework for a transformative urban politics? Given recent scholarly criticism of its real-world applications and appropriations, in this paper, we argue that the transformative promise in the RTTC lies beyond its role as a framework for oppositional struggle, and in its normative ends. Building upon Henri Lefebvre's original writing on the subject, we develop a “radical-cooperative” conception of the RTTC. Such a view, which is grounded in the lived experiences of the current city, envisions an urban society in which inhabitants can pursue their material and social needs through self-governed cooperation across social difference. Growing and diversifying spaces and sectors of urban life that are decoupled from global capitalism are, we argue, necessary to create space for this inclusionary politics. While grassroots action is essential to this process, so is multi-scalar support from the state.

PEMENUHAN HAK ATAS PERUMAHAN YANG LAYAK HUNI BAGI KORBAN PENGGUSURAN MEDOKAN SEMAMPIR KOTA SURABAYA BERDASARKAN RIGHT TO THE CITY

Penelitian ini membahas tentang upaya Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam memenuhi hak atas perumahan yang layak huni khususnya bagi masyarakat miskin yang terkena dampak dari program Pemerintah Kota Surabaya salah satunya yaitu akibat penggusuran yang berada di Kelurahan Medokan Semampir Kota Surabaya. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui program-program apa saja serta solusi apa saja yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam memenuhi hak atas perumaahan layak untuk masyarakat yang terkena dampak dari penggusuran. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori right to the city dari Henry Levebfre untuk menganalisa pembangunan Kota Surabaya bahwa masyarakat kota memiliki hak atas pembangunan kotanya sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis untuk menganalisis serta menggambarkan suatu masalah yang ada di lapangan. Pengambilan data didapatkan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dimana penulis sudah menentukan subjek penelitian dengan berdasarkan ciri-ciri khusus yang sesuai dengan permasalahan penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah upaya Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam memenuhi hak atas perumahan layak huni bagi masyarakat miskin khususnya masyarakat korban dari penggusuran, Kendala Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam memenuhi hak atas perumahan layak huni untuk masyarakat miskin Kota Surabaya, Penolakan Warga Medokan atas ganti rugi yang telah ditawarkan oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya, Dampak dari adanya kebijakan maupun program Pemerintah Kota Surabaya terhadap pemenuhan perumahan yang layak huni untuk masyarakat miskin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemenuhan hak atas perumahan layak bagi masyarakat miskin khususnya korban penggusuran Medokan Semampir Kota Surabaya tidak berjalan dengan baik karena pada saat program penggusuran terjadi masyarakat korban dari penggusuran belum ditempatkan pada tempat yang baik.