CARDIORESPIRATORY STATUS OF ERYTHROBLASTOTIC NEWBORN INFANTS: II. BLOOD VOLUME, HEMATOCRIT, AND SERUM ALBUMIN CONCENTRATION IN RELATION TO HYDROPS FETALIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
R. H. Phibbs ◽  
P. Johnson ◽  
W. H. Tooley ◽  
B. Bradley Johnson ◽  
D. Sudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Hydrops Fetalis ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Albumin Concentration ◽  
Blood Volumes

We measured hematocrit and serum albumin concentration at birth and red blood cell and plasma volume soon after birth in prematurely born infants with erythroblastosis fetalis of varying severity and examined the realtionships between these variables and the presence and severity of hydrops fetalis. Blood volumes in most of these infants were similar to the established normals for newborn infants without erythroblastosis. There was no simple association between blood volume and the presence of hydrops. Nonhydropic and severely hydropic infants had, on the average, similar and normal blood volumes, while mildly hydropic infants had low blood volumes. Anemia correlated fairly well with severity of hydrops but almost a quarter of the infants with severe hydrops were only mildly anemic. Red blood cell volume decreased and plasma volume increased proportionally with the degree of anemia at birth. Thus, hydropic infants with severe anemia had large plasma volumes while those with milder anemia did not. On the other hand, hypoalbuminemia was common and correlated closely with severity of hydrops. We suggest that hydrops results at least in part from low plasma colloid osmotic pressure due to hypoalbuminemia.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cobalt as a performance enhancing drug (PED) in racehorses

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
K.H. McKeever ◽  
K. Malinowski ◽  
C.K. Fenger ◽  
W.C. Duer ◽  
G.A. Maylin
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Performance Enhancing ◽  
A Performance

Cobalt is a required trace element in animals, but administration in excess is considered dangerous and potentially performance enhancing in equine athletes. This study seeks to determine if cobalt may actually act as a performance enhancing drug (PED) by altering biochemical parameters related to red blood cell production as well as markers of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, for adequate regulation of naturally occurring substances, such as cobalt, its distribution among the population must be defined. In order to identify this distribution, plasma Cobalt was determined from 245 Standardbred horses with no cobalt supplementation from farms in New York and New Jersey, including horses at the Rutgers University Equine Science Center. Samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Seven healthy, race fit Standardbreds (4 geldings, 3 mares, age: 5±3 years, ~500 kg) were used for the PED experiment. An incremental graded exercise test (GXT) to measure maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) and markers of performance, measurement of plasma volume and blood volume as well as the measurement of lactate, erythropoietin (EPO), and various blood haematological factors were determined 7 days prior to cobalt administration. Each horse was administered a sterile solution of cobalt salts (50 mg of elemental Co as CoCl2 in 10 ml of saline, IV) at 9 AM on three consecutive days via the jugular vein. Blood samples were obtained from the contralateral jugular vein before and at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after administration. Plasma and blood volume were measured one day after the last dose of cobalt, and a post administration GXT was performed the next day. Horses were observed for signs of adverse effects of the cobalt administration (agitation, sweating, increased respiration, etc.). Plasma cobalt concentration increased from a pre-administration mean of 1.6±0.6 to 369±28 μg/l following 3 doses of the cobalt solution (P<0.05). This Co concentration was unaccompanied by changes in aerobic or anaerobic performance, plasma EPO concentration, plasma volume, resting blood volume, total blood volume, or estimated red blood cell volume (P>0.05). There were no observed adverse effects.

Albumin metabolism in fasted subjects during late pregnancy

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Samson Olufemi ◽  
Paul G. Whittaker ◽  
Dave Halliday ◽  
Tom Lind
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Albumin Concentration ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Synthetic Rate ◽  
Fractional Synthetic Rate

1. Albumin fractional synthetic rate was determined in five non-pregnant subjects and five normal pregnant subjects in late gestation after an overnight fast by simultaneous prime and intravenous infusion of two precursor amino acids, [15N]glycine and l-[1-13C]leucine, with additional priming of the large but, slowly turning over, urea pool with [15N2]urea. 2. The two tracers yielded similar values of albumin fractional synthetic rate: 6.1 and 6.0%/day in nonpregnant subjects and 7.3 and 7.6%/day in pregnant subjects, for glycine and leucine, respectively. While plasma volume was greater and serum albumin concentration was significantly reduced during pregnancy, the calculated intravascular albumin mass was significantly increased in pregnant subjects. 3. The amount of albumin synthesized in the intravascular compartment was significantly greater at 8.8 and 9.5 g/day in pregnant subjects compared with 6.4 and 6.3 g/day in non-pregnant control subjects (glycine and leucine methods, respectively). Calculated whole-body protein turnover using glycine was not different between the two subject groups, but leucine flux was higher in pregnant subjects. Partitioning of nitrogenous products in urine revealed that pregnant subjects excreted less urea, less ammonia and less creatinine than the non-pregnant control subjects. 4. These findings suggest that whereas the serum albumin concentration decreases during pregnancy secondary to the large increase in plasma volume, there is an increase in albumin synthesis such that total intravascular albumin mass is increased in late pregnancy.

scholarly journals Effects of Changing Plasma Volume, Serum Albumin Concentration, and Plasma Osmolality on Renal Function in Cirrhosis

1967 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph M. McCloy ◽  
William P. Baldus ◽  
Frank T. Maher ◽  
W.H.J. Summerskill
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Albumin Concentration

Mechanism of hypoalbuminemia in the 7/8-nephrectomized rat with chronic renal failure

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (4) ◽  
pp. F372-F378 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Kaysen ◽  
J. B. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Albumin Concentration ◽  
Albumin Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Albumin Clearance

Hypoalbuminemia has been observed consistently in patients and experimental animals with chronic renal failure (CRF). A defect in albumin synthesis, catabolism, or distribution has been invoked as the cause, but there is no agreement as to which, if any, of these disorders results from the uremic state. We studied albumin homeostasis in 7/8-nephrectomized rats with CRF. Serum albumin concentration was lower in CRF (29.6 +/- 4.59 mg/ml) than in sham-operated control rats (36.3 +/- 4.3 mg/ml). Albumin synthesis, determined directly by measuring incorporation of 14CO2 into arginine in albumin, was increased in CRF rats as was total albumin clearance, measured using 125I-albumin disappearance. Rats with CRF were albuminuric. Albumin synthesis was increased by the amount necessary to replace urinary losses, but net albumin catabolism was the same as in control animals. Albuminuria was prevented by addition of excess tryptophan to the diet. Total albumin clearance and albumin synthesis were the same in these tryptophan-fed CRF animals as in CRF sham-operated animals, but these CRF rats were still hypoalbuminemic (33.6 +/- 5.27 vs. 36.3 +/- 4.3 mg/ml). Rats with CRF were plasma volume expanded. Institution of a low-sodium diet at the time of partial nephrectomy prevented plasma volume expansion and albuminuria as well. Serum albumin concentration, albumin distribution, pool sizes, and total albumin clearance remained the same as in CRF sham-operated animals. Hypoalbuminemia in CRF rats is due to two factors. Plasma volume expansion with pool dilution contributes 40% of the decrease and external albumin losses resulting from albuminuria contribute the other 60%. Albumin synthesis, catabolism, and distribution are intact.

scholarly journals Regulation of blood volume in lowlanders exposed to high altitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Siebenmann ◽  
Paul Robach ◽  
Carsten Lundby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Physiological Relevance

Humans ascending to high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation and, as a result, arterial O2content ([Formula: see text]). As HA exposure extends, this reduction in [Formula: see text] is counteracted by an increase in arterial hemoglobin concentration. Initially, hemoconcentration is exclusively related to a reduction in plasma volume (PV), whereas after several weeks a progressive expansion in total red blood cell volume (RCV) contributes, although often to a modest extent. Since the decrease in PV is more rapid and usually more pronounced than the expansion in RCV, at least during the first weeks of exposure, a reduction in circulating blood volume is common at HA. Although the regulation of hematological responses to HA has been investigated for decades, it remains incompletely understood. This is not only related to the large number of mechanisms that could be involved and the complexity of their interplay but also to the difficulty of conducting comprehensive experiments in the often secluded HA environment. In this review, we present our understanding of the kinetics, the mechanisms and the physiological relevance of the HA-induced reduction in PV and expansion in RCV.

Influence of the spleen on blood volume and haematocrit in the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Dawson ◽  
MJS Denny
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Significant Function ◽  
Blood Reservoir

The blood volume of T. vulpecula was measured and the influence of the spleen on the circulating blood volume investigated. The circulating blood volume of "normal" restrained animals was 57.4 � 3.19 ml, the plasma volume being 31.2 � 1.93 ml, and the red blood cell volume 26.2 � 2.08 ml per kilogram body weight. These values tended to be lower than those of eutherian mammals and it is suggested that this might be associated with a possible lower metabolic rate. The spleen was found to have a significant function as a blood reservoir. Measurement of volume of circulating red blood cells after injections of adrenaline (to cause splenic emptying) and chlorpromazine (to achieve maximum filling of the spleen) showed that the splenic reserve of erythrocytes was approximately 11.0 ml/kg body weight.

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