Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

To the Editor.— I read with interest the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue.1 Two things puzzle me. The first is that, despite the authors' stated goal of paying close attention to methodology, their definition of breast-feeding fails to meet the standards set forth by most experts on lactation. The second is that, given their substantial investment of time and money in obtaining detailed data on 500 babies for a full year, the authors chose to ask their particular research question.

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Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.5.806 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 806-806

Author(s):

FRED AGRE

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Prospective Data ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life

To the Editor.— In the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants during the First Year of Life" the authors comment on the methodologic failures of other studies.1 These failures include: (1) prospective data on infection and feeding, (2) specifying what is meant by infectious illness and breast-feeding, (3) controlling for other variables, and (4) exposure to illness through time. Such a study accounting for the above methodologic flaws was conducted by me and reported in the American Journal of Diseases of Children.2

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Breast-Feeding and Infectious Illness, Power and Confidence Intervals

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.88.5.1079a ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 1079-1080

Author(s):

JUDY HOPKINSON

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Infectious Illness ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact ◽

Breast Fed

The article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue of Pediatrics was provocative. Like Mulford, I too am concerned about the definitions of breast-feeding used in the study. Breast-feeding and formula-feeding are defined in such a way that the study actually examines the impact of the degree of breast-feeding on health of breast-fed infants. This may be an important issue in Denmark where the incidence of breast-feeding at 1 month is more than 90%.

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Involuntary Smoking and Incidence of Respiratory Illness During the First Year of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.3.594 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 594-597

Author(s):

Frank A. Pedreira ◽

Vincent L. Guandolo ◽

Edward J. Feroli ◽

Gordon W. Mella ◽

Ira P. Weiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Chronic Cough ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

First Year ◽

Adverse Influence ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Lower Respiratory Disease ◽

Paternal Smoking ◽

Involuntary Smoking

A prospective study of 1,144 infants and their families was performed. Smoking and family histories were evaluated with respect to the incidence of lower respiratory disease during the first year of life. It was found that (1) tracheitis and bronchitis occurred significantly more frequently in infants exposed to cigarette smoke in the home, (2) maternal smoking imposed greater risks upon the infant than paternal smoking, (3) occurrence of neither tracheitis nor bronchitis showed a consistent relationship to the number of cigarettes smoked, (4) a family history that was positive for respiratory illness (chronic cough or bronchitis) significantly influenced the incidence of bronchitis, (5) too few cases of laryngitis and pneumonia were seen to warrant any opinions regarding the adverse influence of either smoking or a family history that was positive for respiratory illness, and (6) occurrence of bronchiolitis was not affected by the presence of a smoker nor influenced by a family history that was positive for respiratory illness. It is concluded that passive smoking is dangerous to the health of infants and that infants born to families with a history that is positive for respiratory illness (chronic cough or bronchitis) are at risk of developing bronchitis.

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THE PIMA INFANT FEEDING STUDY: BREAST FEEDING AND GASTROENTERITIS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113752 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 335-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. R. FORMAN ◽

B. I. GRAUBARD ◽

H. J. HOFFMAN ◽

R. BEREN ◽

E. E. HARLEY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

First Year ◽

Feeding Study ◽

First Year Of Life

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Manual Interventions for Musculoskeletal Factors in Infants With Suboptimal Breastfeeding: A Scoping Review

Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1177/2515690x18816971 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 2515690X1881697

Author(s):

Cheryl Hawk ◽

Amy Minkalis ◽

Carol Webb ◽

Olivia Hogan ◽

Sharon Vallone

Keyword(s):

Manual Therapy ◽

Case Reports ◽

Research Question ◽

Case Series ◽

First Year ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Report ◽

Suboptimal Breastfeeding ◽

First Year Of Life

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, and continuing for at least the first year of life, is strongly recommended. Suboptimal breastfeeding, which is breastfeeding that does not meet these recommendations, is a multifactorial issue. Some authorities, particularly in the nursing and lactation counseling professions, have identified musculoskeletal issues that may interfere with successful breastfeeding. The purpose of this project was to survey the literature on manual treatments to correct musculoskeletal dysfunctions in infants with suboptimal breastfeeding. Our research question was, “Have manual interventions been used to correct infants’ musculoskeletal dysfunctions thought to be linked to suboptimal breastfeeding?” We searched PubMed and Index to Chiropractic Literature, from inception through July 2018, as well as relevant gray literature. We assessed quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies using modified SIGN checklists, and the overall strength of evidence using GRADE. The search yielded 461 articles, with a final inclusion of 27 articles: 7 expert commentaries, 1 high-quality RCT, 1 low-quality cohort, 1 pilot study, 2 cross-sectional surveys, 5 narrative reviews, and 10 case series or case reports. Combining the 10 case series and reports in our search with 18 discussed in narrative reviews included in our review yielded 201 infants who received manual therapy for nursing dysfunction. No serious adverse events were reported and improvement in nursing ability was observed using various outcome measures, usually maternal report. Based on the GRADE criteria, there is moderate positive evidence for the effect of manual therapy on suboptimal breastfeeding.

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