scholarly journals Mundos possíveis entre a ficção e a não-ficção: aproximações à realidade televisiva

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Souza Leal ◽  
Phellipy Pereira Jácome

sintoma da tensão entre ficção e não-ficção presente na TV. A reflexão parte de exemplos extraídos do Jornal Nacional, em 2010, para empreender a revisão crítica do conceito de ficção e como modo de abordagem à noção de “mundos possíveis”, desenvolvida por autores como Thomas Pavel e Umberto Eco, e, aproximada aos fenômenos midiáticos por pesquisadores como Marcela Farré e Marie-Laure Ryan. Palavras-chave: Realidade Televisiva; Ficção; Narrativa. Possible worlds between fiction and non-fiction: approaches to television reality Abstract: The article discusses the notion of “television reality”, seen as a symptom of the tension between fiction and “non-fiction” in TV. The reflection comes from examples by the Jornal Nacional, in 2010, to undertake a critical review of the concept of fiction and as a way to approach the notion of “possible worlds”, developed by authors such as Umberto Eco and Thomas Pavel, and, approximate to the media phenomena by researchers as Marcela Farré and Marie-Laure Ryan. Keywords: Television Reality; Fiction; Narrative.

Author(s):  
David Philip Green ◽  
Mandy Rose ◽  
Chris Bevan ◽  
Harry Farmer ◽  
Kirsten Cater ◽  
...  

Consumer virtual reality (VR) headsets (e.g. Oculus Go) have brought VR non-fiction (VRNF) within reach of at-home audiences. However, despite increase in VR hardware sales and enthusiasm for the platform among niche audiences at festivals, mainstream audience interest in VRNF is not yet proven. This is despite a growing body of critically acclaimed VRNF, some of which is freely available. In seeking to understand a lack of engagement with VRNF by mainstream audiences, we need to be aware of challenges relating to the discovery of content and bear in mind the cost, inaccessibility and known limitations of consumer VR technology. However, we also need to set these issues within the context of the wider relationships between technology, society and the media, which have influenced the uptake of new media technologies in the past. To address this work, this article provides accounts by members of the public of their responses to VRNF as experienced within their households. We present an empirical study – one of the first of its kind – exploring these questions through qualitative research facilitating diverse households to experience VRNF at home, over several months. We find considerable enthusiasm for VR as a platform for non-fiction, but we also find this enthusiasm tempered by ethical concerns relating to both the platform and the content, and a pervasive tension between the platform and the home setting. Reflecting on our findings, we suggest that VRNF currently fails to meet any ‘supervening social necessity’ (Winston, 1996, Technologies of Seeing: Photography, Cinematography and Television. British: BFI.) that would pave the way for widespread domestic uptake, and we reflect on future directions for VR in the home.


Author(s):  
Richard Lance Keeble

“Literary journalism” is a highly contested term, its essential elements being a constant source of debate. A range of alternative concepts are promoted: the “New Journalism,” “literary non-fiction,” “creative non-fiction,” “narrative non-fiction,” “the literature of fact,” “lyrics in prose,” “gonzo journalism” and, more recently, “long-form journalism,” “slow journalism,” and “multi-platform immersive journalism.” At root, the addition of “literary” to “journalism” might be seen to be dignifying the latter and giving it a modicum of cultural class. Moreover, while the media exert substantial political, ideological, and cultural power in societies, journalism occupies a precarious position within literary culture and the academy. Journalism and literature are often seen as two separate spheres: the first one “low,” the other “high.” And this attitude is reflected among men and women of letters (who often look down on their journalism) and inside the academy (where the study of the journalism has long been marginalized). The seminal moment for the launching of literary journalism as a subject in higher education was the publication in 1973 of The New Journalism, edited by Tom Wolfe and E. W. Johnson. Bringing together the work of 22 literary journalists, Wolfe pronounced the birth of a distinctly new kind of “powerful” reportage in 1960s America that drew its main techniques from the realist novels of Fielding, Smollett, Balzac, Dickens, and Gogol. By the 1980s and 1990s, the study of literary journalism was growing (mainly in the United States and United Kingdom), with some courses opening at universities. In recent years, literary journalism studies have internationalized revealing their historic roots in many societies while another emphasis has been on the work of women writers. Immersive journalism, in which the reporter is embedded with a particular individual, group, community, military unit (or similar) has long been a feature of literary journalism. In recent years it has been redefined as “slow journalism”: the “slowness” allowing for extra attention to the aesthetic, writerly, and experimental aspects of reportage for the journalist and media consumer. And perhaps paradoxically in this age of Twitter and soundbite trivia, long-form/long-read formats (in print and online) have emerged alongside the slow journalism trend. The future for literary journalism is, then, full of challenges: some critics argue that one solution to the definitional wrangles would be to consider all journalism as worthy of critical attention as literature. Most analysis of literary journalism is keen to stress the quality of the techniques deployed, yet greater stress could be placed on the political economy of the media and a consideration of ideological bias. Indeed, while most of the study of literary journalism to date has focused on the corporate media, the future could see more studies of partisan, progressive, alternative media.


Author(s):  
Olga Moskalenko

Введение. В современном историко-фантастическом романе «The Senility of Vladimir P» воссоздается типичный образ «маленького человека» и конструируется узнаваемый западным реципиентом миф о России, представляющий собой многослойную систему стереотипов. Цель – охарактеризовать стереотипный образ русского «маленького человека» в современном британском романе и определить, какую функцию он играет в метамифе о России как иной среде. Материал и методы. В качестве основной выбрана методология компаративистики, в частности имагологии, междисциплинарная природа которой позволяет изучать образ «Иного» в общественном, культурном и литературном сознании другой страны, в частности Великобритании, на интертекстуальном, контекстуальном и непосредственно текстовом уровнях, используя понятие стереотипов (по Й. Леерссену), на материале романа М. Хонига «Слабоумие Владимира П.». Результаты и обсуждение. Под скандальным заголовком автор предлагает нам повествование о жизни в России через призму темы «маленького человека». Главный герой – Николай Шереметьев не склонен к рефлексии, не видит мерзостей жизни до момента возникновения ситуации утраты: ареста племянника. С этого момента повествование набирает обороты, меняется его характер: действительность приобретает все больше гротескных черт, а читатель становится свидетелем болезненной трансформации Шереметьева, «маленького человека», последнего честного человека в России, который идет на сделку с совестью и начинает действовать в рамках англо-саксонской традиции. Образ «другого» подается Хонигом именно с перспективы англосаксонской традиции, деятельностной, в которой на самом деле выписаны и все остальные персонажи: русские только по антуражу и соответствующие западному стереотипу, но при этом зараженные западным индивидуализмом. Персонажи романа классифицированы по типам в зависимости от модели поведения и протипа. Заключение. М. Хониг выстраивает гротескный, абсурдистский образ России середины XXI в. Персонажи-этнотипы действуют в условных ситуациях, не претендуя на психологизм изображения и раскрытие характеров, потому что должны создать максимально полную, всеохватную картину российской действительности, отразить русские национальные черты такими, какими они вписаны в привычный для британцев миф о России. Этнотип граждан России середины XXI в. Хониг конструирует из: 1) традиционного для русской литературы образа маленького человека (Николай Шереметьев) и его окружения; 2) медийного образа российских чиновников высшего эшелона власти, сформированного преимущественно западными СМИ и российскими либеральными СМИ; 3) утрированного и схематичного образа типичного русского, фигурировавшего в западном кино конца ХХ в. Перед нами конфликт не только разных жизненных установок, но противопоставление русского и английского (шире – англо-саксонского) миров на культурно-цивилизационном уровне. Роман Хонига – пример вторичной актуализации, когда сконструированный под воздействием медиа художественный текст начинает восприниматься в качестве образца non-fiction, становясь своеобразным симулякром реальности.Introduction. In the modern novel “The Senility of Vladimir P” a typical image of a “small man” is created and the myth of Russia as a multi-layered system of stereotypes recognizable by the Western recipient is constructed. The purpose of the study is to characterize the stereotypical image of the Russian “small man” in the modern British novel and to determine its functions in the meta-myth of Russia. Material and methods. The methodology of comparative studies, in particular, imagology is used as its the interdisciplinary nature allows one to study the image of the “Other” in the social, cultural and literary consciousness of another country at intertextual, contextual and textual levels upon the concept of stereotypes (according to J. Leerssen). “The Senility of Vladimir P” by M. Honig is a material for research. Results and discussion. Under a scandalous headline, the author offers us a story about life in Russia through the prism of the theme of “small man”. The main character, Nikolay Sheremetyev, is not inclined to reflection until the situation of loss appears and his beloved nephew is arrested. From this moment on, the narrative is gaining momentum, the main character is changing: reality acquires more and more grotesque features, and reader witnesses painful transformation of Sheremetyev, the “small man”, the last honest person in Russia, who makes a deal with his conscience and begins to act within the framework of English-Saxon tradition. The image of the “Other” is presented by Honig precisely from the perspective of the Anglo-Saxon tradition in which all the other characters are actually written out: Russians only by entourage and consistent with the Western stereotype, but infected with Western individualism. The characters of the novel are classified by type depending on the model of behavior and prototype. Conclusion. M. Honig builds a grotesque, absurd image of Russia in the middle of the XXI century. Ethnotype characters act in conditional situations without author pretending to psychologize the image and reveal characters, because they must create the most complete, comprehensive picture of Russian reality, reflect Russian national features as they fit into the British myth of Russia that is familiar to the British. Honig constructs the ethnotype of Russian citizens of the mid-XXIst century from 1) the image of a small man (Nikolai Sheremetyev), traditional for Russian literature; 2) the media image of Russian elite formed mainly by Western media and Russian liberal media; 3) an exaggerated and schematic image of a typical Russian, featured in Western cinema of the late twentieth century. Before us there is a conflict not only of different attitudes, but the opposition of the Russian and English (more broadly Anglo- Saxon) worlds at the cultural and civilizational level. Honig’s novel is an example of secondary actualization, when a fiction text constructed under the influence of the media begins to be perceived as a non-fiction model, becoming a kind of simulacrum of reality.


1970 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
MARCIN TELICKI

The author’s academic goal is to check the effects of a parallel drawn between culture theoreticians known to the audience as writers. Both Umberto Eco (Apocalypse Postponed, Superman in Mass Culture) and Stanisław Barańczak (Incapacitated Reader) presented in their writing measured, non-elitist views of figments of collective imagination by referring to structuralism and semiotics – professional tools applied in literary criticism and cultural studies. The article offers a diagnosis of the position of the texts in question at the time of their origin. It also shows the reception of the ideas of the Polish and Italian literary critics and their creative continuations. A closer look at the specific theories related to terminology (mass culture – elitist culture), the role of the media and concealed rhetoric mechanisms leads to questions about the perspective of research into culture in the courseof dynamic changes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1753
Author(s):  
Alba Torrego ◽  
Alfonso Gutiérrez-Martín ◽  
Michael Hoechsmann

The hybridization of television genres has led to numerous non-fiction television shows that base much of their success on audience engagement through social networks. This study analyses a specific case, that of La isla de las tentaciones (Temptation Island), to identify interpretive frames in reality shows and their interrelationships with audience involvement on Instagram. Based on a corpus of 8409 comments posted on Instagram by the followers of the program’s actor profiles, the article analyzes the lines between reality and fiction in this non-fiction television show about relationships and infidelity, and, in particular, how online “haters” play a performative role. The show’s participants who were unfaithful are insulted and receive numerous negative value judgments. The “coding and counting” method, drawn from Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis, is used for the coding. Results show that viewers barely allude to this show as fiction, do not differentiate between the actors and their characters, and empathize strongly with the stories they view. The study shows the need for media education, both for those who make the media and those who view it. The goal is not to detract from entertainment value, but to improve critical skills and to recover the educational function of media.


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