scholarly journals Biomass and total carbon in oak forests of Southern Colombian Andes: contributions to the REDD+ project-wide approach.

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Adriana Yepes ◽  
Andrés Sierra ◽  
Luz Milena Niño ◽  
Manuel López ◽  
César Garay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Colombian Andes ◽  
Greenhouse Emission

Carbon estimations in tropical forests are very important to understand the role of these ecosystems in the carbon cycle, and to support decisions and the formulation of mitigation and adaptive strategies to reduce the greenhouse emission gases (GHG). Nevertheless, detailed ground-based quantifications of total carbon stocks in tropical montane forests are limited, despite their high value in science and ecosystem management (e.g. REDD+). The objective was to identify the role of these ecosystems as carbon stocks, to evaluate the contribution of the pools analyzed (aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and necromass), and to make contributions to the REDD+ approach from the project scale. For this study, we established 44 plots in a heterogeneous landscape composed by old-grown forests located in the Southern Colombian Andes. In each plot, all trees, palms and ferns with diameter (D) ≥ 15 cm were measured. In the case of palms, the height was measured for 40 % of the individuals, following the Colombia National Protocol to estimate biomass and carbon in natural forests. National allometric equations were used to estimate aboveground biomass, and a global equation proposed by IPCC was used for belowground biomass estimation; besides, palms’ aboveground biomass was estimated using a local model. The necromass was estimated for dead standing trees and the gross debris. In the latter case, the length and diameters of the extremes in the pieces were measured. Samples for wood density estimations were collected in the field and analyzed in the laboratory. The mean total carbon stock was estimated as 545.9 ± 84.1 Mg/ha (± S.E.). The aboveground biomass contributed with 72.5 %, the belowground biomass with 13.6 %, and the necromass with 13.9 %. The main conclusion is that montane tropical forests store a huge amount of carbon, similar to low land tropical forests. In addition, the study found that the inclusion of other pools could contribute with more than 20 % to total carbon storage, indicating that estimates that only include the aboveground biomass, largely underestimate carbon stocks in tropical forest ecosystems. These results support the importance of including other carbon pools in REDD+ initiatives’ estimations. 

Effects of grazing intensity on organic carbon stock characteristics in Stipa breviflora desert steppe vegetation soil systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heyun Wang ◽  
Zhi Dong ◽  
Jianying Guo ◽  
Hongli Li ◽  
Jinrong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Desert Steppe ◽  
Light Fraction Organic Carbon ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Organic Carbon Stock

Grassland ecosystems, an important component of the terrestrial environment, play an essential role in the global carbon cycle and balance. We considered four different grazing intensities on a Stipa breviflora desert steppe: heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG), light grazing (LG), and an area fenced to exclude livestock grazing as the Control (CK). The analyses of the aboveground biomass, litter, belowground biomass, soil organic carbon and soil light fraction organic carbon were utilised to study the organic carbon stock characteristics in the S. breviflora desert steppe under different grazing intensities. This is important to reveal the mechanisms of grazing impact on carbon processes in the desert steppe, and can provide a theoretical basis for conservation and utilisation of grassland resources. Results showed that the carbon stock was 11.98–44.51 g m–2 in aboveground biomass, 10.43–36.12 g m–2 in plant litters, and 502.30–804.31 g m–2 in belowground biomass (0–40 cm). It was significantly higher in CK than in MG and HG. The carbon stock at 0–40-cm soil depth was 7817.43–9694.16 g m–2, and it was significantly higher in LG than in CK and HG. The total carbon stock in the vegetation-soil system was 8342.14–10494.80 g m–2 under different grazing intensities, with the largest value in LG, followed by MG, CK, and HG. About 90.54–93.71% of the total carbon in grassland ecosystem was reserved in soil. The LG and MG intensities were beneficial to the accumulation of soil organic carbon stock. The soil light fraction organic carbon stock was 484.20–654.62 g m–2 and was the highest under LG intensity. The LG and MG intensities were beneficial for soil nutrient accumulation in the desert steppe.

scholarly journals The impact of long dry periods on the aboveground biomass in tropical forests: 20 years of monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Serpa de Meira-Junior ◽  
José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto ◽  
Natália Oliveira Ramos ◽  
Eder Pereira Miguel ◽  
Ricardo de Oliveira Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Neotropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Long-term studies of community and population dynamics indicate that abrupt disturbances often catalyse changes in vegetation and carbon stocks. These disturbances include the opening of clearings, flooding, rainfall seasonality, and drought, as well as fire and direct human disturbance. Such events may be super-imposed on longer-term trends in disturbance, such as those associated with climate change (heating, drying), as well as resources. Intact neotropical forests have recently experienced increased drought frequency and fire, on top of pervasive increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but we lack long-term records of responses to such changes especially in the critical transitional areas at the interface of forest and savanna biomes. Here, we present results from 20 years monitoring a valley forest (moist tropical forest outlier) in central Brazil. The forest has experienced multiple drought events and includes plots which have and which have not experienced fire. We focus on how forest structure (stem density and aboveground biomass carbon) and dynamics (stem and biomass mortality and recruitment) have responded to these disturbance regimes. ResultsOverall, the biomass carbon stock increased due to the growth of the trees already present in the forest, without any increase in the overall number of tree stems. Over time, both recruitment and especially mortality of trees tended to increase, and periods of prolonged drought in particular resulted in increased mortality rates of larger trees. This increased mortality was in turn responsible for a decline in aboveground carbon toward the end of the monitoring period. Fire in 2010, which occurred in only some of our plots, tended to exacerbate the trends of increasing mortality and losses of biomass carbon. Conclusion Prolonged droughts influence the mortality of large trees, leading to a decline in aboveground carbon stocks. Here, and in other neotropical forests, recent droughts are capable of shutting down and reversing biomass carbon sinks. These new results add to evidence that anthropogenic climate changes are already adversely impacting tropical forests.

scholarly journals Biomass and carbon approximation model on burnt peatland in Eks- Milion Ha, Central Kalimantan Province of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-529
Author(s):  
Basuki Wasis ◽  
Bambang Hero Saharjo ◽  
Dadan Mulyana ◽  
Atikah ◽  
Wardana
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Central Kalimantan

Forest and land fires will lead to the loss of forest ecosystems, loss of forest biomass and the sustainability of forests. After the event of fire whether an ecosystem will improve the forest and its environment. The study is intended to calculate biomass and carbon stocks in secondary natural forests that burn after 10 years and determine the model of biomass estimation and carbon stocks in secondary forests that burn after 10 years. This research was conducted on burnt peatlands in the Ex Million ha of Central Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. The research method used is the analysis of vegetation and destructive sampling on forest biomass that grows on burning peatlands. The result showed that biomass content of secondary natural forest formed after peat burns > 10 years in 466.2 ton / ha of and carbon content of 264.4 ton / ha. The estimation of biomass in secondary natural forest formed after peat burn> 10 years log is B = - 0.127 + 1.83 log D (B = 0.746 D 1.83) R2 : 87.5 % and carbon estimation is log K = - 0.506 + 1.92 log D (K = 0.312 D 1.92) R2: 85.7 %.  In the location of the burnt peat swamp forest there has been a succession of secondary forest and the equation model obtained in the study can be used to estimate biomass and carbon content.

scholarly journals Understanding the variation in wood densities of trees and its implications for carbon assessments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Teegalapalli ◽  
Chandan Kumar Pandey ◽  
Anand M Osuri ◽  
Jayashree Ratnam ◽  
Mahesh Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Genus Level

AbstractWood density is a key functional trait used to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stocks. A common practice in forest AGB and carbon estimation is to substitute genus averages (across species with known wood densities) in cases where wood densities of particular species are unknown. However, the extent to which genus-level averages are reflective of species wood densities across tree genera is uncertain, and understanding this is critical for estimating the accuracy of carbon stock estimates. Using primary field data from India and secondary data from a published global dataset, we quantified the extent to which wood density varied among individuals within species (intraspecific variation) at the regional scale and among species within genera (interspecific variation) at regional to global scales. We used a published global database with wood density data for 7743 species belonging to 1741 genera. Linear models were used to compare the species values with the genera averages and the individual values with the species averages, respectively. To estimate the error associated with using genus-level averages for carbon stocks estimation, we compared genus values averaged at the global, old world and continental scales with species values from actually measured data. We also ran a simulation using vegetation data from a published database to calculate the estimation errors in a 1 hectare plot level when genera-averaged wood densities are used. Intraspecific variation was significantly lower than interspecific variation. Continental level genera averages led to estimates closer to the species values for the 10 genera for which most data on species was available. This was also evident from a comparison of genera averages at these three spatial scales with species values from our data. Species within certain ‘hypervarying’ genera showed relatively high levels of variation, irrespective of the spatial scale of the dataset used. The error in estimation of AGB when genera-averaged values were used for species wood densities was 0.35, 0.71 and 2.43% when 0, 10 and 25% of the girth of the trees in the simulated plot were from hypervariable genera. Our findings indicate that species values provide the most accurate estimates for individuals. Genus average wood density values at the continental scale provided more reliable estimates than those at larger spatial scales. The aboveground biomass estimation error when species wood densities were approximated to the genera-average values was 1.4 to 3.7 tonnes per ha when 10% and 25%, respectively, of the girth of trees was from species from hypervariable genera. Our findings indicate that regional or continental scale genera averages provide more reliable estimates than global data and we propose a method to identify hypervariable genera, for which species values rather than genera averages can provide better estimates of carbon stocks.

scholarly journals Tree height and tropical forest biomass estimation

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 10491-10529 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Hunter ◽  
M. Keller ◽  
D. Vitoria ◽  
D. C. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Allometric Relations

Abstract. Tropical forests account for approximately half of above-ground carbon stored in global vegetation. However, uncertainties in tropical forest carbon stocks remain high because it is costly and laborious to quantify standing carbon stocks. Carbon stocks of tropical forests are determined using allometric relations between tree stem diameter and height and biomass. Previous work has shown that the inclusion of height in biomass allometries, compared to the sole use of diameter, significantly improves biomass estimation accuracy. Here, we evaluate the effect of height measurement error on biomass estimation and we evaluate the accuracy of recently published diameter : height allometries at four sites within the Brazilian Amazon. As no destructive sample of biomass was available at these sites, reference biomass values were based on allometries. We found that the precision of individual tree height measurements ranged from 3 to 20% of total height. This imprecision resulted in a 5–6% uncertainty in biomass when scaled to 1 ha transects. Individual height measurement may be replaced with existing regional and global height allometries. However, we recommend caution when applying these relations. At Tapajós National Forest in the Brazilian state of Pará, using the pantropical and regional allometric relations for height resulted in site biomass 26% to 31% less than reference values. At the other three study sites, the pan-tropical equation resulted in errors of less that 2%, and the regional allometry produced errors of less than 12%. As an alternative to measuring all tree heights or to using regional and pantropical relations, we recommend measuring height for a well distributed sample of about 100 trees per site. Following this methodology, 95% confidence intervals of transect biomass were constrained to within 4.5% on average when compared to reference values.

scholarly journals Cocoa plantation carbon stock at different years after planting (5,10,15) in Tomoni Beringin Jaya Village, East Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
Nahdia ◽  
S A Paembonan ◽  
Nasaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Plantation Age ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Abstract This study aimed to determine cocoa carbon stocks based on the conditions of cocoa plantations in Tomoni Beringin Jaya Village, East Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Carbon stocks were estimated from aboveground and belowground biomass using an allometric methodology. Sample sites were cocoa plantations; sampling intensity was 30% of the land planted with cocoa for 5 years (n = 214), 10 years (n=229) and 15 years (n=329), soil sampling disturb (measure soil organic carbon), un disturb (measure bulk soil bulk density) and soil bulk density at depth 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Carbon stock cocoa aboveground biomass at the age of 5 years (M45) was 1.89 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass was 0.56 ton C ha-1 with proportion 77.19%:22.81%. Carbon stock cocoa aboveground biomass at the age of 10 year (BR25) was 3.66 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass 1.01 ton C ha-1 with a proportion 78.37%:21.63%. Carbon stock cocoa aboveground biomass at 15 year (BR25) was 4.58 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass of 1.21 ton C ha-1 with a proportion 79.07%:20.93%. Cocoa carbon stock at 5 year, 10 year, and 15 year respectively increased, nevertheless mean annual carbon stock cocoa decreased in 5 years cocoa aboveground biomass was 0.37 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass 0.11 tonCa-1. Carbon stock cocoa 10 year aboveground biomass 0.36 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass 0.10 ton C ha-1. Carbon stock cocoa 15 year aboveground biomass 0.30 ton C ha-1 and belowground biomass 0.08 ton C ha-1. Soil organic carbon showed dynamic under different year cocoa plantation. Soil organic carbon in cocoa plantation age 5 year was 0.031 tonCha-1, cocoa plantation age 10 year was 0.034 ton C ha-1, and cocoa plantation age 15 year was 0.043 ton C ha-1.

scholarly journals The impact of long dry periods on the aboveground biomass in tropical forests: 20 years of monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Serpa de Meira-Junior ◽  
José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto ◽  
Natália Oliveira Ramos ◽  
Eder Pereira Miguel ◽  
Ricardo de Oliveira Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Neotropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Long-term studies of community and population dynamics indicate that abrupt disturbances often catalyse changes in vegetation and carbon stocks. These disturbances include the opening of clearings, flooding, rainfall seasonality, and drought, as well as fire and direct human disturbance. Such events may be super-imposed on longer-term trends in disturbance, such as those associated with climate change (heating, drying), as well as resources. Intact neotropical forests have recently experienced increased drought frequency and fire, on top of pervasive increases in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, but we lack long-term records of responses to such changes especially in the critical transitional areas at the interface of forest and savanna biomes. Here, we present results from 20 years monitoring a valley forest (moist tropical forest outlier) in central Brazil. The forest has experienced multiple drought events and includes plots which have and which have not experienced fire. We focus on how forest structure (stem density and aboveground biomass carbon) and dynamics (stem and biomass mortality and recruitment) have responded to these disturbance regimes. Results Overall, the biomass carbon stock increased due to the growth of the trees already present in the forest, without any increase in the overall number of tree stems. Over time, both recruitment and especially mortality of trees tended to increase, and periods of prolonged drought in particular resulted in increased mortality rates of larger trees. This increased mortality was in turn responsible for a decline in aboveground carbon toward the end of the monitoring period. Fire in 2010, which occurred in only some of our plots, tended to exacerbate the trends of increasing mortality and losses of biomass carbon. Conclusion Prolonged droughts influence the mortality of large trees, leading to a decline in aboveground carbon stocks. Here, and in other neotropical forests, recent droughts are capable of shutting down and reversing biomass carbon sinks. These new results add to evidence that anthropogenic climate changes are already adversely impacting tropical forests.

scholarly journals Aboveground biomass estimation in tropical forests at single tree level with ALS data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Dalponte ◽  
Tommaso Jucker ◽  
David F. R. P. Burslem ◽  
Simon L. Lewis ◽  
Reuben Nilus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Single Tree

scholarly journals Carbon Stocking in the Natural Forests - The Case of Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-286
Author(s):  
Jegatheswaran RATNASINGAM ◽  
Geetha RAMASAMY ◽  
Weiching TOONG ◽  
Florin IORAS ◽  
Cristina Maria CANJA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Forest Transition ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Global Land

Forested land in the world is about 28% of the global land area, accounting for 80% of the terrestrial carbon stored as biomass and soil organic carbon. Human activities, namely fossil fuel combustion and deforestation resulted in anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere. Deforestation is being focused in this study in view of the role of forests as carbon stocks. Carbon is normally referred to as biomass of the tree. Several studies revealed that carbon is mostly sequestered in the aboveground part of biomass. As Southeast Asia has the highest level of deforestation, this study focused on observing carbon stocks in Malaysian forests. The conducted estimation of forest carbon stocks reveals carbon stock increment owing to the increment in the forested land. Yet, the forest transition process necessary for expanding the areas of forested land appears to be difficult to achieve. The economic development in the agricultural sector, land conversion for industrialization and settlement, expansion of wood-based industry and employment opportunities in the wood-based sector may hamper forest transition.

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