scholarly journals Merchant Capital, Taxation and Urbanisation. The City of Ani in the Global Long Thirteenth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol medieval worlds (Volume 14. 2021) ◽  
pp. 75-116
Author(s):  
Nicholas S. M. Matheou
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Capital Taxation ◽  
Merchant Capital ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Negotiating Imperialism and Resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: The Rise of Alphabetic Cuneiform

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-199
Author(s):  
Philip J. Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Near East ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Writing System ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Local Language ◽  
Elite Culture ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The City

Ugarit was a highly cosmopolitan, multilingual and multiscript city at the intersection of several major Late Bronze Age political and cultural spheres of influence. In the thirteenth centurybc, the city adopted a new alphabetic cuneiform writing system in the local language for certain uses alongside the Akkadian language, script and scribal practices that were standard throughout the Near East. Previous research has seen this as ‘vernacularization’, in response to the city's encounter with Mesopotamian culture. Recent improvements in our understanding of the date of Ugarit's adoption of alphabetic cuneiform render this unlikely, and this paper instead argues that we should see this vernacularization as part of Ugarit's negotiation of, and resistance to, their encounter with Hittite imperialism. Furthermore, it stands as a specific, Ugaritian, manifestation of similar trends apparent across a number of East Mediterranean societies in response to the economic and political globalism of Late Bronze Age élite culture. As such, these changes in Ugaritian scribal practice have implications for our wider understanding of the end of the Late Bronze Age.

Communes and Despots: The City State In Late-Medieval Italy

1965 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 71-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

It is a commonplace of political history that in the later Middle Ages the city states of north and central Italy were the scene of a conflict in the theory and practice of government between two contrasted systems: republican and despotic (or in contemporary terminology, government ‘a comune’, ‘in liberta’ etc., and government ‘a tiranno’, signoria or principato). The conflict began about the mid-thirteenth century, and in most places, sooner or later, was settled in favour of despotism.

The Jerusalem Miniatures in Maerlant’s Rijmbijbel 10 B 21 and in the Hornby Book of Hours. Questions of Context and Meaning

Quaerendo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Claudine A. Chavannes-Mazel
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Siege Of Jerusalem ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
The City

AbstractFrom the late thirteenth century onwards, the depictions of the Siege of Jerusalem and the eventual annihilation of the city and its inhabitants are generally full of horrifying details, which visualise the final vengeance of the Lord against His own people. The Hornby Hours exaggerate the negative side of the Jews’ fate, whereas the opening miniature in Maerlant’s Wrake, Museum Meermanno 10 B 21, is a factual account, based entirely upon the most positive interpretation of Jacob van Maerlant’s poem Wrake van Jerusalem.

scholarly journals Actors and Structures in Machiavelli’s Istorie Fiorentine

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-87
Author(s):  
Sverre Bagge
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Structural Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Achievement ◽  
Dramatic Narrative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article examines Machiavelli's understanding of the relationship between actors and structures in the history of Florence through a study of five selected episodes in the Istorie Fiorentine. Together, these episodes show the gradual decline of virtue in the city, from the relatively healthy conditions of the late thirteenth century to the pathetic incompetence of the Pazzi rebellion in 1478. These episodes also show that the main cause of this decline was not internal struggles, as stated in the preface, but the decline of military virtue which in turn was caused by changes in the class structure. In expressing these conclusions in the form of dramatic narrative and not only explicit reasoning, Machiavelli brings out tension between actors and structures, showing the limits the structural forces set to individual achievement as well as the possibilities for individuals to assert themselves under particular conditions. Generally, the scope for individual achievement increases as a result of the decline from the thirteenth-century republic, dominated by collective forces, to the fifteenth-century oligarchy dominated by the Medici family.

The Experience of Personal Government between the Factions and the Popolo

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gamberini
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Body ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The City

At the beginning of the thirteenth century, two new actors made their appearance in the political life of the communes: the factions and the Societas Populi. This chapter focuses on the political language and culture of these two elements, highlighting the tendency of various social actors to consistently represent the unity of the political body. This was the supreme value which neither the factions nor the Popolo would renounce, even when they were alone in power: on the contrary, in fact, it was very much in that kind of situation that the parties tended to represent themselves as ‘the whole’. The chapter then goes on to examine the role that both the factions and the Societas Populi played in fostering the first experiences of lordly government in the city.

The Ideologues of Communal Political Culture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gamberini
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Public Power ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

This chapter focuses on the immense work of refoundation of political language and culture carried out by two groups in the communal age: the experts of the Ars dictandi and the jurists. The former, through the reworking of materials from the distant past (ancient republicanism, Cicero, then, from the end of the thirteenth century, also Aristotle), came to identify the essence of politics in the government of the community through justice, which alone could guarantee peace and collective profit. The latter, meanwhile, developed the instruments to affirm the primacy of the commune both within and outside the city. The effect was twofold: to legitimize the efforts of the commune, committed to promoting itself as a public power, and to lay the foundations for a relationship with the jurists that would become osmotic and pregnant with consequences.

Rhetoric and Politics

2014 ◽  
pp. 328-340
Author(s):  
Virginia Cox
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Political Intent ◽  
The City

It has often been asserted that medieval culture was little concerned with politics as a practical application for rhetoric, at least outside the city republics of central and northern Italy. This chapter argues that robust and self-conscious traditions of political eloquence were more widespread in late medieval Europe than is generally thought, especially following the development of parliaments from the thirteenth century onward. The point is illustrated through a discussion of the speech cultures of the parliaments of Catalonia-Aragon and England. More broadly, the chapter argues that new methodologies are needed to make medieval political rhetoric more historically visible. Nonverbal eloquence must be studied alongside verbal, and it must be recognized that medieval political eloquence is often profoundly nonclassical in form and frequently deploys religious language that may disguise its political intent to the modern eye.

In Search of a Business Class in Thirteenth-Century Genoa

1945 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The City

This paper is in no way a definitive study of classes, especially of the business classes, in the city of Genoa in the thirteenth century. The materials for such a study do exist in the notarial archives and in earlier publications on this and related subjects. Rather, this is a report drawn from “work resumed” and work in its early stages at that.

scholarly journals XIII.—Visitations of certain Churches in the City of London in the patronage of St. Paul's Cathedral Church, between the years 1138 and 1250

Archaeologia ◽  
1897 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Sparrow Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

About the middle of the thirteenth century the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral Church made a minute and careful visitation of churches in their gift, lying in the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex. The text of that visitation has been lately printed in a volume issued by the Camden Society. The record of their proceedings is so copious that a clear and distinct account can be given of the ornaments, vestments, books, and plate belonging to these churches; and some insight can be gained into the relations which existed between the parishioners, the patrons, and the parish priest.

Zaitún's Five Centuries of Sino-foreign Trade

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Howard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Yuan Dynasty ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern City ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The City ◽  
European Markets

The modern city of Ch'üan-Chou, in the Province of Fukien, China, and Situated Near to Amoy on the Formosa Strait, was from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries the chief port for the ocean-going trade between China and the West, particularly during the Sung (A.D. 960–1280) and the Yüan (A.D. 1280–1368) dynasties. An extensive and lucrative trade was carried on with Java, Sumatra, India, and the Persian Gulf. Through Arabic, Persian, and Syriac speaking intermediaries precious products of China found their way on to the European markets. In the thirteenth century the city of Zaitún, as it was known in the West, excited the admiration and wonder of the Polos, the early Franciscan missionaries, and Muslim travellers by the size and wealth of its commercial undertakings. With the fall of the Mongol (Yüan) dynasty about the middle of the fourteenth century the city fell on evil times from which it never fully recovered, for though some considerable trade was carried on during the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties, Ch'üan-chou as an international port declined, and its great rival, Canton, grew from the time that Portuguese traders were allowed to establish themselves at Macao.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document