scholarly journals Sajátos nevelési igények és befogadó nevelés Európában

Educatio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-378
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kállai ◽  
Anikó Mile
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Member State ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
International Literature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Problem Identification ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

Összefoglaló. Az elmúlt évtizedekben a nemzetközi megközelítésben használt sajátos nevelési igény fogalma átalakult, kiszélesedett. Ezzel együtt az együttnevelés kezdetben a különböző fogyatékos tanulókra terjedt ki, ma már több csoportot is magába foglal, és a vonatkozó szabályok az Európai Unió tagországaiban is különbözőek. Az uniós célkitűzéseknek megfelelően több ország oktatási rendszerében egyre nagyobb körben van jelen az inklúzió, ami sok elemében hasonló, némely vonatkozásban pedig különböző lehet. A szemléletmód változása hatással van a problémák azonosítására is. Írásunk az európai adatgyűjtés kvalitatív és kvantitatív adatait, valamint a hazai folyamatokat mutatja be. Summary. In recent decades, the concept of special educational needs used in the international literature has changed and expanded. Conceptual approach to inclusion initially covered students with different disabilities, now it includes several other groups, and the relevant regulations also differ from one member state of the European Union to another. In line with EU objectives, inclusion in the education systems of several countries is increasing, which is similar in many aspects and may differ in some other aspects. Changing conceptual approaches also have an impact on problem identification. Our paper gives an overview of qualitative and quantitative data of European data collection, as well as presents the proper Hungarian processes.

scholarly journals EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING FOR PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE IN POLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Joanna Rakowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Financial Perspective

As there is a dynamic relation between religious cultural heritage, tourism and local development, the European Union supports preservation of religious heritage through regional policy funds available in Poland under operational programmes. The aim of the research was to define and look into the main outcomes of this support, based on qualitative and quantitative data from SIMIK 2007–2013 and central teleinformation system (CTS) SL2014 for 2014–2020. Findings show that the 618 projects for the preservation of religious cultural heritage in Poland comprised a very small share of all investments under operational programmes. They were also a very small share of the total value of all projects and of EU funding co-financing them. However, comparing the financial perspective of 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, there is an increase in the number of these investments and in the number of projects that obtained the best relation of EU funding to their total value, i.e. 85%.

ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS IN ARBITRAL AWARDS: ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-415
Author(s):  
Ewelina Kajkowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Brussels Regulation

THE status of anti-suit injunctions in Europe has long given rise to controversy. The decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Case C-536/13, Gazprom OAO [2015] All E.R. (EC) 711 sheds a new light on the relationship between anti-suit injunctions and the European jurisdiction regime embodied in the Brussels Regulation (Regulation No. 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters). In this much anticipated judgment, the Court of Justice confirmed that, by virtue of the arbitration exclusion in Article 1(2)(d) of the Brussels Regulation, Member State courts are not precluded from enforcing anti-suit injunctions issued by arbitration tribunals and aimed at restraining the proceedings before Member State courts. Although the decision was given before the Recast Brussels Regulation came into force (Regulation No. 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, effective from 10 January 2015), it can be assumed that the same conclusion would have been reached under the new law.

scholarly journals Los procesos secesionistas y el derecho europeo

2016 ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Javier Tajadura Tejada
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
Regional Authorities

Este artículo analiza en primer lugar el significado de la secesión en el Derecho Internacional y en el Derecho Constitucional. Asimismo, examina cómo se aborda el fenómeno de la secesión en el Derecho comunitario europeo. Esto obliga a estudiar dos tipos de problemas: por un lado, el de la secesión de un Estado miembro respecto de la propia Unión; por otro, el de la fragmentación de un Estado miembro por la secesión de una parte de su territorio. La conclusión es que la conservación o fragmentación de un Estado miembro de la Unión Europea no es un asunto interno: la secesión de partes de un territorio afecta al sistema político europeo en su conjunto, en la medida en que es una forma de integración federal donde no caben actos unilaterales que quebranten el principio de lealtad federal de la Unión y la ciudadanía europea que ha ido conformándose en las últimas décadas.This article analyzes the meaning of secession in international and constitutional law. It also examines the phenomenon of secession in European law. This requires studying two types of problems: the secession of a member state of the European Union and the fragmentation of a Member State for the secession of part of its territory. The conclusion is that conservation or fragmentation of a Member State of the European Union is not an internal matter. In our opinión, the political and legal system of the Union can be characterized also federally, which prevents the national and regional authorities to carry out unilateral acts that go against the principle of Community federal loyalty and European citizenship.

scholarly journals Protection of fundamental rights in the private law of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-153
Author(s):  
Tatjana Josipović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Private Autonomy

The paper considers and comments on the instruments of protection of the fundamental rights of the Union in private law relationships that are in the scope of applicable EU law. Special attention is paid to the influence of fundamental rights of the Union on private autonomy and the freedom of contract in private law relationships depending on whether fundamental rights are protected by national law harmonized with EU law, or by horizontal effects of the Charter of general principles. The goal of the paper is to determine the method in private law relationships that can attain the optimal balance between the protection of fundamental rights of the Union and the principle of private autonomy and the freedom of contract regulated by national law of a member state. The author favors the protection of fundamental rights in private law relationships by applying adequate measures that create indirect horizontal effects of the provisions of EU law on fundamental rights. These concern national measures that can also secure adequate protection of fundamental rights via interpretation and application of national law in line with EU law in private law relationships.

scholarly journals Polish “Entrepreneur” and EU “Undertaking”: Multilingualism and Differences in Legal Identification

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Maciej Etel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Legal Identification ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Union and its member-states’ involvement in the economic sphere, manifesting itself in establishing the rules of entrepreneurs’ functioning – their responsibilities and entitlements – requires a precise determination of the addressees of these standards. Proper identification of an entrepreneur is a condition of proper legislation, interpretation, application, control and execution of the law. In this context it is surprising that understanding the term entrepreneur in Polish law and in EU law is not the same, and divergences and differences in identification are fundamental. This fact formed the objective of this article. It is aimed at pointing at key differences in the identification of an entrepreneur between Polish and EU law, explaining the reasons for different concepts, and also the answer to the question: May Poland, as an EU member-state, identify the entrepreneur in a different way than the EU?

scholarly journals Relationship between national, international and European law within the constitutional review in Romania

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
TUDOREL TOADER ◽  
MARIETA SAFTA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
European Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
Constitutional Identity

The Constitutional Court has ruled that, by adhering to the legal order of the European Union, Romania agreed that, in those areas where exclusive jurisdiction is conferred on the European Union, regardless of the international treaties priorly signed, implementation of its obligations arising therefrom is subject to the rules of the European Union. Otherwise, this would result in the undesirable situation where, through bi or multilateral internationally assumed obligations, Member State would seriously affect the Union’s competence and, in practice, would act in its place in the aforementioned areas. For this reason, in the field of competition, any State aid falls within the competence of the European Commission and appeal proceedings fall within the jurisdiction of the European Union. Therefore, pursuant to Article 11 para. (1) and Article 148 para. (2) and (4) of the Constitution, Romania applies in good faith the obligations resulting from the Accession Instrument, without interfering with the exclusive competence of the European Union and, by virtue of the compliance clause contained in the text of Article 148 of the Constitution, Romania cannot adopt a legislative act contrary to the obligations assumed as a Member State. All those already highlighted are subject to certain limitations, expressed in what the Court described as “national constitutional identity”.

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