Syntactic Structure and Case Alternation in 17th century Korean Moving Verbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
Hanbit Seon
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
Ina Arapi

Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685)The old Albanian literature (mid-16th – mid-17th century), which includes the philosophical–theological treaty Cuneus prophetarum by  Pjetër Bogdani (Padua, 1685), was born and developed as a literature mainly of religious content for the needs of the Catholic religion.  Regardless of the topic, this literature was created in a certain historical, cultural and social environment, namely that of northern Albania and the Albanian population that lived there. Hence, the data provided in this book constitutes an invaluable source through which we have the possibility of learning more about the way of life and the functioning of this part of Albanian society of that time.  Interesting data on the situation of the Albanian language of that time is to be found in the preface of this work. The author urges Albanians not to let their language and science degenerate, but just as other nations do, they should make efforts concerning its evolution and development. But the alarm for destructing the mother tongue is linked with author and his contemporaries’ high conscious more than with the reality. In fact, Bogdani´s work itself proves that Albanian at that time had expressive possibilities equal to those of the Italian language. Not only the expressive and lexical richness, but the syntactic structure of phrases shows a high degree of development and elaboration in the Albanian language of that time.Examining the foreword of the book, we can learn that efforts were being made to unify the language and to develop one literary variant based on the dialect of the town of Shkodra. Bogdani also tried to adjust the language of his work according to this town’s dialect.Relations with Italian and Croatian intellectuals are clearly demonstrated in dithyrambic poetry and in the dedications at the beginning of the book. In this work, we also find data on Albanian mythology. Cuneus prophetarum occupies a special place in Albanian literature, because it is the first original work of prose, unlike previous writings, which were mainly translations. Albania u zmierzchu XVII wieku i jej stosunki z państwami sąsiedzkimi według "Oddziału proroków" arcybiskupa Pjetra Bogdaniego (1685)Utwór Pietra Bogdaniego Cuneus prophetarum (Padwa 1685) jest jednym z najważniejszych tekstów starej literatury albańskiej (XVI-XVII wieku), która rozwijała się na potrzeby Kościoła katolickiego i zawierała głównie treści religijne. Znaczna część tego utworu to traktat filozoficzno-teologiczny. Tekst, mimo że ma zasadniczo charakter religijny, odsyła także do kontekstu historycznego, kulturowego i społecznego północnej Albanii, stanowiąc tym samym bezcenne źródło informacji o sposobie życia i funkcjonowania części społeczeństwa albańskiego w tym czasie.Już we wstępie znajdują się ciekawe informacje na temat sytuacji języka albańskiego. Między innymi autor wzywa Albańczyków, by nie dopuścili do degeneracji języka i nauki, wzywa także inne narody, by dbały o rozwój języka. Ta troska o język ojczysty i obawa przed jego zepsuciem wiąże się z pozycją autora, który był świadom sytuacji bardziej niż ktokolwiek inny. W istocie sama praca Bogdaniego udowadnia, że w tym czasie język albański dysponował nie mniejszymi środkami ekspresji niż język włoski. Nie tylko bogactwo form i leksyki, lecz także struktury składniowe wskazują na ówczesny wysoki stopień jego rozwoju i na wysoki stopień świadomości językowej.Jednakże, jak można dostrzec we wstępie, nie podejmowano wysiłków w celu ujednolicenia języka. Rozwijał się głównie wariant literacki, oparty na dialekcie miasta Shkodra. Bogdani próbował również dostosować swój język do tego dialektu.Świadectwem związków autora z włoskimi i chorwackimi intelektualistami są poetyckie dytyramby zamieszczone w dedykacji. W utworze znajdujemy również informacje na temat mitologii albańskiej.Cuneus prophetarum zajmuje szczególne miejsce w literaturze albańskiej, ponieważ jest pierwszym oryginalnym, albańskim utworem prozatorskim.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Al-Bataineh

This paper examines the syntactic structure of Arabic vocatives, focusing on Case-marking of vocatives. The assignment of accusative and nominative Case can be accounted for in the light of Hill (2017) and Larson (2014)’s proposals. Hill (2017) provides the basic structure of the vocative phrase, and Larson (2014) proposes the internal structure of DP. The combination of these proposals explains the derivation of Arabic vocatives and their Case alternation. This paper argues that indefinite vocatives are assigned accusative Case only if they are merged with an overt D -n, otherwise a nominative Case surfaces on the noun by default. Proper names have the same analysis since the presence of the indefinite article-n is a prerequisite for accusative Case assignment. Concerning vocatives as heads of Construct States, N-to-D movement takes place in order to assign [+def] feature to D and is assigned accusative Case once D raises to the light d. Regarding vocatives in demonstrative phrases, D-to-d movement is blocked because of the intervening constituent Dem, indicating that this operation is subject to the adjacency condition. The same analysis is applicable to definite vocatives occurring with the particle ʡayyuha.


1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
J.-Ph. Berney ◽  
R. Baud ◽  
J.-R. Scherrer

It is well known that Frame Selection Systems (FFS) have proved both popular and effective in physician-machine and patient-machine dialogue. A formal algorithm for definition of a Frame Selection System for handling man-machine dialogue is presented here. Besides, it is shown how the natural medical language can be handled using the approach of a tree branching logic. This logic appears to be based upon ordered series of selections which enclose a syntactic structure. The external specifications are discussed with regard to convenience and efficiency. Knowing that all communication between the user and the application programmes is handled only by FSS software, FSS contributes to achieving modularity and, therefore, also maintainability in a transaction-oriented system with a large data base and concurrent accesses.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 137-173
Author(s):  
Eglė Žilinskaitė-Šinkūnienė

The paper aims to investigate the historical usage of two local cases, namely the Allative and the Adessive, governed by verba dicendi in Old Lithuanian. In Mikalojus Daukša’s Postil (1599) the Allative occurs with verbs of address and denotes the Addressee as a Goal of a verbal act. The Adessive, however, is governed by predicates of request and conveys the Source of a desired item. To verify whether this is part of Daukša’s idiolect or a general feature of Lithuanian at the beginning of its written period, the data from DP are compared to the texts of two other varieties of written Lithuanian of the 16th–17th century: Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postil (1591) and Konstantinas Sirvydas’ Punktay sakimu (two parts, 1629 and 1644). In order to explain the motivation for this usage, dialectal and typological data are used.  


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-196
Author(s):  
Sacha Alsancakli

In the closing decades of the 11th/17th century, two Turkish translations of the Sharafnāma were produced in the Kurdish princely courts of Bidlīs and Pālū. The translators were Muḥammad Bēg b. Aḥmad Bēg, a great-great-grandson of Sharaf Khān II, the author of the work, and Sham‘ī, a secretary at the court of Amīr Yanṣūr Bēg, prince of Pālū. While their works differed in style and purpose, both men offered a reflection on the demise of Persian and increasing prestige of Turkish in Ottoman Kurdistan. In the case of Sham‘ī, this was supplemented by a more general observation on the various languages of the region. Evidence also suggests that while Persian was replaced by Turkish in the princely courts of Ottoman Kurdistan, some Kurdish literati and scholars instead chose to write part of their works in Kurdish. This article is a comparative study of Muḥammad Bēg and Sham‘ī’s translations, followed by a brief analysis of the associated sociolinguistic developments. ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDîroknivîsî û ziman di Kurdistana Osmanî ya sedsala 17an de: Vekolînek li ser du wergerên tirkî yên ŞerefnameyêDi dehsalên dawî yên sedsala 11an/17an de, du wergerên tirkî yên Şerefnameyê li serayên mîrgehên Bidlîs û Palûyê hatin nivîsandin. Wergêrên van metnan Mihemed Beg kurê Ehmed Beg, kurê nevîçirkekî Şeref Xanê duyem ê nivîskarê berhemê yê eslî, û Şem’î, munşiyekî Emîr Yensûr Begê mîrê Palûyê bûn. Tevî ku armanc û şêweyê karên wan cuda bûn jî, herdu wergêran amaje bi lawazketina zimanê farsî û bilindbûna qîmeta zimanê tirkî li Kurdistana Osmanî kir. Li gel vê yekê, Şem’î herwiha nêrîneke giştî li ser zimanên cihê yên herêmê pêşkêş kir. Wekî din, tevî ku tirkî li serayên mîrên Kurdistana Osmanî dewsa farsî girt, hin zanyar û rewşenbîrên kurd tercîh kir ku beşek ji berhemên xwe bi kurdî binivîsînin. Ev gotar nirxandineke berhevdayî ya wergerên Şem’î û Mihemed Beg e, li gel pêdeçûneke kurt li ser pêşketinên civakî-zimanî yên pê ve girêdayî. ABSTRACT IN SORANIMêjûnûsî w ziman le Kurdistanî 'Usmanîy sedey 17hem da: twêjîneweyek bo dû wergêrranî turkîy ŞerefnameLe duwa deyekanî sedey 11hem/17hem da dû wergêrranî turkîy Şerefname le dîwanî mîrayetîy Bedlîs û Pallû berhem hatin. Wergêrrêkîyan Miḧemed begî kurrî Eḧmed beg bû, ke newey newey nûserî xudî berhemeke, wate Şerefxanî dûweme, wergêrrekey tirîş Şem'î, sikritêr le koşkî mîr Yensûr beg mîrî Pallû bû. Le katêk da karekanyan le rûy stayl û amancewe cuda bûn, herdû piyawekan amajey lawazbûnî zimanî farsî û hellkişanî payey zimanî turkî le kurdistanî 'Usmanî xiste rû. Le ḧalletî Şem'î da, eme be têrwanînêkî giştî ziyatir le merr zimanekanî herêmeke tewaw kira. Bellgekan ewe pêşniyar deken ke le katêk da le dîwanî mîrayetîy Kurdistanî 'Usmanî da zimanî farsî be zimanî turkî cêgay degorêtewe, hendêk le roşinbîr û zana kurdekan eweyan hellbijard ke beşêk le karekanyan be kurdî binûsinewe. Em babete twêjîneweyekî berawirdkarîye bo herdû wergêrranekeyi Miḧemed beg û Şem'î, we kurte hellsengandinêkî peywest bew geşesendine komellayetî-zimanewaniyey be duwa da dêt.


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