State of iodine supply of children with chronic somatic diseases

One of the most common conditions resulting from micronutrient deficiency is iodine deficiency. Purpose — to evaluate the current state of iodine supply in schoolchildren living in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine, including children with digestive diseases and inflammatory joint diseases. Materials and methods. Target group: 86 people (11.8±2.71 years), which included patients with digestive diseases (DD) (26.7%) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (60.5%). Methods: dietary iodine intake evaluation by urinary iodine concentration (Sandell–Kolthoff reaction), followed by calculation of the median. Results. Median urinary iodine excretion was at the lower normal range and amounted to 104.98 μg/l [QR: 59.8; 180.1] in the examined children. Only 51.2% of children had adequate iodine provision; mild iodine deficiency (ID) was diagnosed in 29.1% (Ме=81,91μg/l [QR: 64.26; 90.58]); moderate — 17.4% (Ме=36,19 μg/l [QR: 33.54; 42.24]); severe — in 2.3% of the surveyed (Ме 14,02 μg/l [QR: 12.34; 15.70]). The median urinary iodine excretion in children with somatic diseases was significantly lower than in children of the control group and amounted to 97.26 μg/l [QR 53.7; 148.3] versus 183.71 μg/l [QR 104.4; 287.4], (p=0.003). Conclusions. School-age children have a high incidence of iodine deficiency (51.2%). Often encountered in childhood diseases (DD and JIA) are accompanied by insufficiency of iodine supply. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Key words: iodine deficiency, school-age children, the level of iodine excretion.

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Urinary iodine and other iodine deficiency indicators in a sample of school-age children in Egypt

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2004.10.6.863 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 863-870

Author(s):

F. A. El Mougi ◽

S. Abdel Ghaffar ◽

N. A. F. Fayek ◽

M. S. Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Severe Deficiency ◽

Egyptian Children ◽

Iodine Excretion

Sufficient data relating urinary iodine excretion in children to other iodine deficiency indicators are lacking in Egypt. We assayed urinary iodine concentration and serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine [T3] and free tetraiodothyronine in 99 school-aged Egyptian children. Goitre was found in 25 children. Median urinary iodine concentration was 70 micro g/L. We found mild iodine deficiency [50-99 micro g/L] in 60.6% of the children and moderate to severe deficiency [< 50 micro g/L] in 31.3%. The latter showed a high frequency of goitre and elevated mean serum free T3, TSH and thyroglobulin levels. Individual urinary iodine excretion rates vary, therefore these other indicators could help in screening for iodine deficiency at an individual level, especially in moderate to severe deficiency

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Urinary iodine excretion in urine samples among children in Dang district, Gujarat

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172820 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 2339

Author(s):

Rahul Damor ◽

Jatin Chhaya ◽

Sukesha Gamit ◽

Jayant Patel ◽

J. K. Kosambiya

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Human Growth ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Excretion

Background: Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal human growth and development as it is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones produced by thyroid glands. The sicknesses occurred due to deficiencies of iodine in the nutrition are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of a person’s nutritional iodine status. So, the aim of this study was to assess the status of iodine deficiency based on median urinary iodine excretion.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out among purposively selected primary schools of the Dang district. All students between the age group of 6 to 12 years who were present on the day of visit were included in the study. A total 387 urine samples were collected during the period of August 2015 to September 2016.Results: Based on median urinary iodine excretion, among total analysed samples, about 6.5% samples confirmed severe iodine deficiency, 22% samples showed moderate iodine deficiency and about 36% samples indicated mild iodine deficiency. About one third (31.3%) samples suggested optimum iodine intake. Only few samples (4.4%) revealed more than required iodine intake.Conclusions: About one third (31.3%) of the surveyed population had adequate iodine intake while majority (64.4%) of them had inadequate iodine intake.

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Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (4) ◽

pp. 1080-1087 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Angelo Campanozzi ◽

Irene Rutigliano ◽

Paolo E Macchia ◽

Gianpaolo De Filippo ◽

Antonio Barbato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Age Related ◽

Italian Regions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACTBackgroundIodine is an essential micronutrient for intellectual development in children. Information on iodine intakes based on 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is scant, because iodine status is only assessed by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate the iodine intake of school-age children and adolescents, using UIE measurement in 24-h urine collections.MethodsThe study population included 1270 healthy subjects (677 boys, 593 girls) aged 6–18 y (mean age ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.9) from 10 Italian regions. Daily iodine intake was estimated as UIE/0.92, based on the notion that $\sim$92% of the dietary iodine intake is absorbed. The adequacy of intakes was assessed according to the Dietary Reference Values for iodine of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Body mass index (BMI) and UIC were also measured for each subject.ResultsBased on the scientific opinion of EFSA, 600 of 1270 subjects (47.2%) had a lower than adequate iodine intake, with a higher prevalence among girls (54.6%) compared with boys (40.2%) (P < 0.001). Although UIE and 24-h urinary volumes increased with age (P < 0.001), a progressive decrease in the percentage of subjects with iodine excretion <100 µg/24 h (P < 0.001) was observed, without any significant difference in the percentage of subjects with UIC <100 µg/L. No significant association was detected between BMI z-score and UIE (P = 0.603) or UIC (P = 0.869).ConclusionsA sizable proportion of our population, especially girls, appeared to be at risk of iodine inadequacy. The simple measurement of UIC could lead to underestimation of the occurrence of iodine deficiency in younger children, because of the age-related smaller urine volumes producing spuriously higher iodine concentrations.

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Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) estimated by iodine/creatinine ratio from spot urine in Chinese school-age children

Clinical Endocrinology ◽

10.1111/cen.13282 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 628-633 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wen Chen ◽

Xiang Li ◽

Xiaohui Guo ◽

Jun Shen ◽

Long Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

School Age ◽

Creatinine Ratio ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Chinese School

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Iodine Nutritional Status and Related Factors among Chinese School-Age Children in Three Different Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051404 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1404

Author(s):

Xiaoyun Shan ◽

Changqing Liu ◽

Xiaoyan Luo ◽

Yan Zou ◽

Lichun Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

We evaluated the iodine nutritional status and related factors among school-age children based on the 2016 National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women; 3808 children from Hebei, Guangxi, and Zhejiang province were included in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), body mass index (BMI), vitamin A (VA), and vitamin D (VD) were measured. The abnormal rate of UIC and TSH were assessed. Relationships between UIC/TSH and the possible factors were analyzed. The overall median UIC was 185.14 µg/L, and the median UIC of children aged 8–10 was 164.60 µg/L. Prevalence of iodine deficiency and excess was 13.84% and 14.36%, respectively, and 12.87% of children showed TSH excess. UIC, as well as the abnormal rates of iodine deficiency (ID) and TSH, were significantly different among the three provinces. The median UICs and excess rates increased with age, reaching 211.45 µg/L and 21.35% at age of 14~, while TSH showed the opposite trend. Overweight children tended to have lower UIC and higher TSH. Higher UIC and TSH were found in VA sufficient group (p < 0.01). Further, the VD deficient group had a higher TSH compared to the sufficient group (p < 0.01). Moreover, UI and TSH distribution was obviously different among different vitamin A/D status (p < 0.05). Although the median UIC of school-age children was optimal, there were pockets of inadequate and excessive UI in the three provinces. Compared to the national IDD monitoring results in 2014, the iodine nutritional status of children was greatly improved. Considerations of region, age, BMI, VA, or VD are needed in the future iodine evaluation and surveillance.

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Variations in urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function. A 1-year study in healthy men

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1440461 ◽

2001 ◽

pp. 461-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

S Andersen ◽

KM Pedersen ◽

IB Pedersen ◽

P Laurberg

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Free T4 ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Hormone Synthesis ◽

Iodine Excretion

OBJECTIVE: The iodine intake level in a population is determined in cross-sectional studies. A fraction of samples with iodine content below a certain level, e.g. 25 microg/l, may suggest iodine deficiency in part of the population. However, urinary iodine varies considerably from day to day and the fraction of low samples caused by dispersion remains unsettled. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of 16 healthy men living in an area of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. METHODS: We measured urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations, and serum TSH, total thyroxine (T4), free T4 index and total tri-iodothyronine (T3) in samples collected monthly for 1 year. RESULTS: Average urinary iodine excretion was 57.0 microg/l (49.1 microg/24 h (corrected for creatinine excretion)) and varied from 29 to 81 microg/l (28 to 81 microg/24 h) between participants. Individual samples varied between 10 and 260 microg/l, and the variation around the mean was 2.4 times larger when calculated for the 180 individual samples compared with the 15 average annual values (1.7 times larger for estimated 24 h iodine excretion values). The fraction of individual samples below 25 microg/l was 6.7% (7.2% < 25 microg/24 h), whereas none of the participants had average iodine excretion below 25 microg/l or 25 microg/24 h. Participants with average annual iodine excretion below 50 microg/24 h had a negative correlation between iodine excretion and TSH, whereas a positive correlation was observed when average annual iodine excretion was above this level. CONCLUSIONS: Seven per cent of individual urine samples indicated severe iodine deficiency without this being present in the group studied. Dispersion was reduced by 24% when using estimated 24 h urinary iodine excretion rather than urinary iodine concentration. Participants with moderate iodine deficiency (average annual urinary iodine excretion 25-50 microg/24 h) showed clear signs of substrate deficiency for thyroid hormone synthesis while participants with mild iodine deficiency (50-100 microg/24 h) did not.

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Iodine Status of School Age Children 6-12 Years in Umuahia South LGA of Abia State, Nigeria

Engineering and Scientific International Journal ◽

10.30726/esij/v8.i2.2021.82014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

A.D. Oguizu ◽

J.O. Nwagwu

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Food Habit ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age ◽

Iodine Status

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders have continued to be a significant health problem in some Nigerian communities despite universal salt iodization. Objective: This study was designed to assess the iodine status of school age children (6-12 years) in Umuahia South LGA of Abia State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 414 school children were studied. Urine samples were obtained from 84 school children, 30 males and 54 females. The background and socio-economic information, food habit and dietary intake of the respondents were determined using validated questionnaires. Urinary iodine concentration analysis, using Sandell-Kolthoff reaction was used to determine the iodine status of the children. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between urinary iodine status of the children and the socio-economic characteristics of their parents. Results: More than half (58.7%) of the children were females while 40.5% were males. About a quarter of the children (40.1%) were 9-10 years, 23.4% were 11-12 years while 36.5% were 6-8 years. Most of the respondents (72.2%) were aware of iodized salt; 14.3% heard about iodized salt from friends, 41.8% heard from the media while 13% heard about iodized salt from the market. Majority of the respondents (94.4%) claimed they consume iodized salt while 4.9% said they use salts that were measured in cups which was not iodized salt. The study revealed that 54.3% of the school children had optimal iodine status while 35.7% had mild iodine deficiency which was higher in males (46.7%) than in females (29.6%). About 5.6% of the respondents had grade 1 goiter. There was a significant association (p< 0.05) between urinary iodine status of the school children and educational status of their fathers’, mothers’, parents’ occupation and income level of fathers. Conclusion: Nutrition education should be aimed at mothers, caregivers, and school children to promote consumption of iodine rich foods.

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Status iodium pada anak usia sekolah berdasarkan ekskresi iodium urin dan asupan iodium

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.37577 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Widya Ayu Kurnia Putri ◽

Dodik Briawan ◽

Hidayat Syarief ◽

Leily Amelia

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

School Age Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

School Age ◽

School Students ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodine Excretion

Iodine status in school-age children determined from iodine urine excretion and iodine intakeBackground: School-age children are more at risk if they experience deficiencies and excess iodine. The concentration of iodine in urine is a good biomarker for assessing iodine intake, 90% of iodine intake will be excreted through urine. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the iodine status of school-age children based on urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and iodine intake.Method: The study design used a cross-sectional study on 44 healthy school-aged children in Bogor Regency. Subject selection was done purposively in healthy 5th-grade elementary school students. The data taken in this study was urine iodine excretion concentration and food recall (1x24 hours). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation test.Results: Median iodine excretion concentration in urine was 157 μg/l and the average daily iodine intake of children was 83.29 mg/day. Conclusion: The concentration of iodine excretion in the urine of the children is in the category of sufficient iodine as recommended by WHO / UNICEF / ICCID while the daily intake of iodine for children is still in the less category. The results showed that there was no association of iodine daily intake with iodine excretion concentration in urine(p=0.469).

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Assessment of iodine status among school age children and pregnant women of Belarus in 2017–2018

Clinical and experimental thyroidology ◽

10.14341/ket9732 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 149-155

Author(s):

Tatiana V. Mokhort ◽

Sergei V. Petrenko ◽

Boris Y. Leushev ◽

Ekaterina V. Fedorenko ◽

Natalia D. Kolomiets ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age Children ◽

Normative Values ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

School Age ◽

Iodine Sufficiency

Background. Despite the measures taken by the Government of Belarus, the problem of iodine deficiency among the population remains actual. Aims. To determine iodine sufficiency in children and pregnant women living in Belarus. Materials and methods. The study included 873 schoolchildren aged 9–12 years of both sexes, of which 650 children were in regular schools, and the remaining children in boarding schools. A separate group consisted of 700 practically healthy pregnant women (during gestation from 16 to 36 weeks). Questioning, determination of urinary iodine concentration and thyroid volume with ultrasound was carried out. Results. Urine iodine median was 191 µg/L in the 873 children in 16 regions of Belarus. Thyroid volume corresponds to the normative values in children. According to the survey, 81% of households used iodized salt, constantly – 46%. Indicator of iodine sufficiency of 700 pregnant women (median urinary iodine concentration was 121 µg /l) is a non-optimal for this population group. Conclusions. Currently adequate iodine supplementation in school age children has been achieved. The prevalence of thyroid gland diseases caused by iodine deficiency in children decreased significantly. In pregnant women iodine supply is still insufficient.

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