Negotiation strategies and patient empowerment in Spanish and British medical consultations

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
María de la O Hernández López
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Explicit Expression ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Medical Consultations ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Making a decision is not only one of the physician’s most important responsibilities but also one of patients’ most sensitive moments in medical encounters. Drawing from pragmatics studies, this paper explores rapport maintenance and/or enhancement (Spencer-Oatey 2000, 2008) in the decision-making strategies that General Practitioners (GPs) and patients employ in 80 encounters in various areas of England and Spain. The results show that such strategies are context-bound and subject to role specifications: while patients may make use of (dis)agreement strategies and initiate decisions and/or self-diagnosis, doctors give options, show empathy, expand explanations or show explicit or implicit (dis)agreement. In relation to this, notable findings were revealed: first, these communicative strategies may vary not only in terms of frequency but also quality and distribution; second, the Spanish interlocutors in the data gathered tend to negotiate through the explicit expression of opinions, while the British interlocutors prefer the discussion of different alternatives and value the other’s freedom to act. Third, there is higher tolerance of disagreement in the Spanish data. Fourth, negotiation may be undertaken on the basis of either self-affirmation or consensus-seeking beliefs. Finally, patient empowerment is displayed in divergent ways in both sets of data. In short, the decision-making processes examined are subject to social and psychological factors with a direct impact on communicative styles.

scholarly journals Communication-based behaviour support for adults with intellectual disabilities receiving dental care: A focus group study exploring dentists’ decision-making and communication

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caoimhin Mac Giolla Phadraig ◽  
Colin Griffiths ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Mary McCarron ◽  
June Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Thematic Content Analysis ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Online Focus Groups ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Intuitive Decision Making ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

A better understanding of how communication-based behaviour supports are applied with adults with intellectual disabilities may reduce reliance on restrictive practices such as holding, sedation and anaesthesia in dentistry. In this study, we explore how communication is used by dentists who provide treatment for adults with intellectual disabilities. A descriptive qualitative study, adopting synchronous online focus groups, was undertaken with six expert dentists in Ireland. Members were contacted again in pairs or individually for further data collection, analysed using thematic content analysis. Two relevant categories emerged from the data, relating to the selection and application of communication-based behaviour support for adults with intellectual disabilities. Decision-making processes were explored. Building on these categories, a co-regulating process of communication emerged as the means by which dentists iteratively apply and adapt communicative strategies. This exploration revealed rationalist and intuitive decision-making. Implications for education, practice and research are identified.

scholarly journals The Effect of Managerial Overconfidence on Firm Value: Evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Shareholder Wealth ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Johannesburg Stock Exchange ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Managerial Overconfidence ◽  
A Company

Managers of a company are responsible for enhancing shareholder wealth. However, decisions made by managers are not always rational, and such irrational decisions could have a direct impact on the value of a firm, and thus, the wealth of its shareholders. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of managerial overconfidence on the value of firms trading on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The results of this study indicate that managerial overconfidence exhibits an insignificant effect on a firm’s leverage and innovation levels. Interestingly, this study reports that managerial overconfidence exhibits a significant negative effect on firm value. This finding implies that investors should avoid investing in firms with overconfident managers because such investments could result in a reduction of their wealth. As such, it is important that regulators and policymakers introduce policies to mitigate overconfident and biased decision-making processes.

scholarly journals International Trade Related Decion Making Across Different Managerial Levels: the Case of SMEs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigitas Brazinskas ◽  
Vida Pipirienė
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Fierce Competition

International trade is an important engine for economies and SMEs to grow and sustain. Despite globalization, regionalization or other processes with a direct impact to international business, SMEs experience a pressure of external and internal factors. External factors can make an impact and initiate a continuous need to enhance productivity and apply innovations to respond to fierce competition. These factors can also be emerging disruptive technologies, barriers to trade, reviewed trade agreements. Internal factors can be capacity building, working culture and motivation, leadership, strategic management, also closely related to decision making processes across different managerial levels and staff generations. Managers variety of attitudes to international trade related elements could cause conflict situations on decision making, damage corporate culture, decrease motivation, slow down international expansion and make a direct impact on diminishing both SMEs productivity and competition.

scholarly journals Characteristics of decision-making process during prescribing in general practice

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Djordjevic ◽  
Slobodan Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
Inappropriate Treatment ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Tract Infections

Background/Aim. The process of prescribing decision-making by general practitioners requires numerous consultations in order to obtain maximal effects, minimal risks, and cost-effectiveness with the full appreciation of a patient's right to choose. The aim of our study was to describe the process of decision-making by general practitioners who decide on the treatment for an individual patient, and to relate the scope and nature of this process to the quality of the outcome of the decision. Methods. The study involved 53 general practitioners who worked in the Health Center, Kragujevac at the time of investigation (September-December 2002.). General practitioners made prescribing decisions, thinking aloud, for five patients with urinary tract infections (n = 2), or stomach complaints (n = 3). The resulting 265 transcripts were analyzed to determine the scope and nature of the decision-making processes. Differences in prescribing were related to the case or the practitioners? working experience, and to their educational background. Results. Our results showed that the more years of practice the practitioners had the less treatments they prescribed, and the less additional aspects before prescribing they considered. The doctors with less experience, in most of the cases, considered the core aspects, while those with more experience more often considered the contextual and habitual aspects. Educational background of the general practitioners, and the type of a considered disease, had an influence on the decision-making process. The most optimal method for decision-making (marked as type F) was mostly used by the practitioners with the least experience, while the those with more experience mainly made their decisions in the ways considered the least acceptable. The optimal method for decision-making process does not necessarily provide the optimal therapy, so the least acceptable decision-making might not result in an inappropriate treatment. Conclusions. The observed prescribing decisions were mostly in disagreement with the Good Clinical Practice. Our study pointed out the need for the obligatory continuation of medical education of general practitioners in decision-making process during prescribing.

scholarly journals A Goal Programming Model to Guide Decision-Making Processes towards Conservation Consensuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1959
Author(s):  
Mónica de Castro-Pardo ◽  
João C. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Goal Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Goal Programming Model ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

In this paper we propose a goal programming model that provides a consensual aggregated solution minimizing conflicts to guide multi-stakeholder decision-making processes and generates information regarding stakeholder groups to be exploited for negotiation purposes. This model permits to quantify variations in conflicts when the relative contribution of each criteria changes and gives insight to negotiation strategies with application in conservation areas. A dataset of a case study in the Meseta Ibérica Biosphere Reserve (Portugal-Spain) was used to test and validate the model. Fifty people belonging to four groups (scientists, government, farmers and businesspersons) assessed 20 management objectives in four dimensions: conservation, logistical support, development, and governance. The results showed the highest conflicts to be found for fauna and flora, education, and guarantees objectives while the most conflictive groups were scientists and farmers. The proposed model substantially reduced the global and intergroup conflicts associated to the same objectives, modelling the weights assigned to each objective in each dimension to find the most consensual/least conflictive solutions. This model can be a useful tool to improve complex decision-making processes in conservation areas with strong conflicts between stakeholders, such as transboundary biosphere reserves.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erinn Finke ◽  
Kathryn Drager ◽  
Elizabeth C. Serpentine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individualized Education Program ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Interview Methodology ◽  
Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.

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