scholarly journals Unified Speech-Like Interference for Active Protection of Speech Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-1017
Author(s):  
Vladimir Avdeev ◽  
Viktor Trushin ◽  
Mihail Kungurov
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Synthesized Speech ◽  
Speech Information ◽  
Sound Files

The paper considers the possibility of creating a speech-like interference for the means of vibro-acoustic protection of speech information based on tables of syllables and words of the Russian language. The choice of research directions and experimental conditions is substantiated: synthesis of sound files by random sampling of speech elements from a database, research of spectra of synthesized noise, algorithm for creating interference of the “speech choir” type, study of autocorrelation functions of synthesized speech-like interference, as well as their probability distribution density. It is shown that the spectral and statistical characteristics of the synthesized speech-like interference type "speech choir" of five voices are close to similar characteristics of real speech signals. At the same time, the speech choir was formed by averaging the instantaneous values of temporary realizations of sound files. It is shown that the spectral power density of the speech-like interference of the “speech choir” type practically is not changed with the number of averaged “voices” starting from five. The probability density distribution of the speech-like interference value with an increase in the number of voices in the “speech choir” approaches the normal law (unlike a real speech signal whose probability density is close to the Laplace distribution). Evaluation of the autocorrelation function gave a correlation interval of several milliseconds. The articulation tests of speech intelligibility using synthesized speech-like interference with different signal-to-noise ratios showed the possibility of reducing the integral noise level by 12-15 dB compared to noise-like interference. The dependencies of verbal intelligibility on the integral signal-to-noise ratio are constructed on the basis of polynomial and piecewise linear approximations. A preliminary assessment of a possible impact of speech-like interference on the psycho-emotional state of a person was performed. The direction of further research on increasing the efficiency of algorithms for generating speech-like interference is discussed.

scholarly journals INTELLIGIBILITY OF THE KAZAKH SPEECH WHEN IT'S PROTECTED WITH COMBINED MASKING SIGNALS

Doklady BGUIR ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Y. N. Seitkulov ◽  
S. N. Boranbayev ◽  
H. V. Davydau ◽  
A. V. Patapovich
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Density ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Articulation Index ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Approximate Dependence ◽  
Speech Information ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to assessing the intelligibility of the Kazakh speech when it's masked by combined signals, including «white» noise and speech-like signals. The phonetics features of the Kazakh language have been considered taking into account the law of syngarmonism and the spectrum differences of speech in the Kazakh language and speech in the Russian language. A technique for assessing the intelligibility of the Kazakh speech when it's masked by «white» noise and speech-like signals is proposed. The aim of the work is to analyze well-known methods for speech intelligibility assessing and applying these methods to assess speech intelligibility in the Kazakh language, taking into account masking by its combined signals. Due to the fact that the use of the articulation method of assessing intelligibility for the Kazakh speech requires a dependence of intelligibility on the articulation index for this particular language (the application for the Kazakh language has not been experimentally tested), the use of the formant approach to speech intelligibility assessing will be examined in more detail. The curried out experimental studies of the spectral density of speech in the Kazakh language made it possible to obtain it's approximate dependence on the frequency and take into account the phonetic features of the Kazakh speech when assessing the security of the speech information using the formant method.

scholarly journals Determination of Length of Individual Pellets and Pellets’ Lengths Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Mykola Zhovmir
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Equivalent Length

A form and dimensions of fuel particles influence the intensity of their burning and approaches to the mathematic description of the process. Known methods do not allow correctly measuring all pellets’ lengths and describing pellets’ lengths distribution. The purpose of the study is to substantiate method for determining the individual pellet length and to specify statistical characteristics of pellets’ lengths distribution. The purpose was achieved by applying the proposed method of indirect determination of the length of each pellet by weighing it, followed by calculation of the equivalent length and modal cluster analysis of the distribution of pellets by length, based on the probability density distribution. The most noteworthy results are that the experimental calculation of the equivalent length gives results that coincide with direct measurements for pellets of the correct shape, but in contrast to direct measurements can also be used to determine the equivalent lengths of irregularly shaped pellets and their fragments. Clustering allowed grouping pellets around objectively existing local maxima in the probability density distribution, which can be identified at intervals of pellet lengths not exceeding 2 mm. The importance of the obtained results is that the indirect method of determining the length of pellets allows replacing the measurement of pellet lengths by their weighing, which eliminates subjective factors when measuring the length of irregularly shaped pellets and their fragments. Clustering characterised the granulometric composition of pellets with histograms of probability, mass fraction, and average length by clusters. Upon using proposed approaches, granulometric composition of industrially produced pellets was specified and increased probabilities were noted for 8 mm pellets in clusters of smaller lengths, compared to 6 mm pellets; while straw pellets are characterised by a higher probability in clusters with shorter lengths compared to wood pellets

scholarly journals Testing the hypothesis of the Earth's magnetosphere behaving like an avalanching system

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Y. Lui
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Earth’S Magnetosphere ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Auroral Activity ◽  
Earth's Magnetosphere

Abstract. The global auroral dissipation power as observed by the imager on the Polar spacecraft is used as a proxy for the power dissipation of the Earth's magnetosphere to examine whether or not the magnetosphere is an avalanching system. It is found that the probability density distributions for the area and power of auroral activity sites have a power law component within a finite scale range, suggestive of a scale-free nature in this finite-size system. This property is robust, prevailing with variations in the threshold used to define auroral activity sites and in the strength of the external driver, namely, the solar wind. The statistical characteristics on the temporal evolution of auroral sites are then examined, which leads to a criterion that can be used to predict about 42min in advance the total energy dissipation during the lifetime of an auroral activity site. The scale-free characteristics of auroral activity appears to be an intrinsic feature of the magnetosphere based on a comparison of the probability density distribution in the total auroral brightness power with that of the solar wind power input parameters in the same period as the auroral observations. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of the magnetosphere behaving like an avalanching system.

Reliability Simulation and Forecast Based on Virtual Prototype for the Running System of Complicated Equipments

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Li Jun Cao ◽  
Hui Bin Hu ◽  
Gui Bo Yu ◽  
Shu Hai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Virtual Prototype ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Load Spectrum ◽  
Density Distribution Function ◽  
Running System ◽  
Maintenance Cycle ◽  
Damage Theory

The running system is the key part to finish training or battle tasks of complicated equipments. But formidable working conditions influence the measurement of load spectrums and it is difficult to analyze and forecast the reliability of running system. Actual vehicle experiments and virtual prototype are firstly combined to obtain complete load spectrum of running system. According to the materials S-N curve, stress and strain spectrums can be computed. Nominal stress method and local stress and strain method are combined with probability density accumulation damage theory to compute the probability density distribution function. Then, the reliability of running system can be forecasted, which provide adequate reference for the maintenance cycle confirmation and mission reliability prediction.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Adaptive Dynamic Compensation System in Cochlear Implant Listeners

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 233121652097034
Author(s):  
Florian Langner ◽  
Andreas Büchner ◽  
Waldo Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Compensation System ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Dynamic Compensation ◽  
Front End ◽  
Noise Ratio

Cochlear implant (CI) sound processing typically uses a front-end automatic gain control (AGC), reducing the acoustic dynamic range (DR) to control the output level and protect the signal processing against large amplitude changes. It can also introduce distortions into the signal and does not allow a direct mapping between acoustic input and electric output. For speech in noise, a reduction in DR can result in lower speech intelligibility due to compressed modulations of speech. This study proposes to implement a CI signal processing scheme consisting of a full acoustic DR with adaptive properties to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and overall speech intelligibility. Measurements based on the Short-Time Objective Intelligibility measure and an electrodogram analysis, as well as behavioral tests in up to 10 CI users, were used to compare performance with a single-channel, dual-loop, front-end AGC and with an adaptive back-end multiband dynamic compensation system (Voice Guard [VG]). Speech intelligibility in quiet and at a +10 dB signal-to-noise ratio was assessed with the Hochmair–Schulz–Moser sentence test. A logatome discrimination task with different consonants was performed in quiet. Speech intelligibility was significantly higher in quiet for VG than for AGC, but intelligibility was similar in noise. Participants obtained significantly better scores with VG than AGC in the logatome discrimination task. The objective measurements predicted significantly better performance estimates for VG. Overall, a dynamic compensation system can outperform a single-stage compression (AGC + linear compression) for speech perception in quiet.

The structure of internal intermittency in turbulent flows at large Reynolds number: experiments on scale similarity

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Van Atta ◽  
T. T. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Large Reynolds Number ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Scale Similarity ◽  
Probability Densities ◽  
Scale Ratio ◽  
Velocity Derivative

Some of the statistical characteristics of the breakdown coefficient, defined as the ratio of averages over different spatial regions of positive variables characterizing the fine structure and internal intermittency in high Reynolds number turbulence, have been investigated using experimental data for the streamwise velocity derivative ∂u/∂tmeasured in an atmospheric boundary layer. The assumptions and predictions of the hypothesis of scale similarity developed by Novikov and by Gurvich & Yaglom do not adequately describe or predict the statistical characteristics of the breakdown coefficientqr,lof the square of the streamwise velocity derivative. Systematic variations in the measured probability densities and consistent variations in the measured moments show that the assumption that the probability density of the breakdown coefficient is a function only of the scale ratio is not satisfied. The small positive correlation between adjoint values ofqr,land measurements of higher moments indicate that the assumption that the probability densities for adjoint values ofqr,lare statistically independent is also not satisfied. The moments ofqr,ldo not have the simple power-law character that is a consequence of scale similarity.As the scale ratiol/rchanges, the probability density ofqr,levolves from a sharply peaked, highly negatively skewed density for large values of the scale ratio to a very symmetrical distribution when the scale ratio is equal to two, and then to a highly positively skewed density as the scale ratio approaches one. There is a considerable effect of heterogeneity on the values of the higher moments, and a small but measurable effect on the mean value. The moments are roughly symmetrical functions of the displacement of the shorter segment from the centre of the larger one, with a minimum value when the shorter segment is centrally located within the larger one.

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