The Effect of the Timing of Manure Application in Combination with Mineral Fertilizers and Planting Density on the Weediness of Potato Plantings

Potatoes are one of the most responsive crops for grooming techniques since in the period from seedlings before closing rows are easily suppressed by weeds that take away nutrients, water, light from it. The factor that causes high harm to potatoes is weed. By absorbing a large number of nutrients and moisture from the soil, weeds inhibit the growth and development of plants, reducing their potential productivity. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of the timing of the introduction of bedding manure in conjunction with mineral fertilizers and planting density on the weediness of potato plantings. Studies were provided to identify the impact of the timing of bedding manure together with mineral fertilizers and planting density for weed planting potatoes. Experiments were laid by the systematic method with a tiered arrangement of variants in the experiment with a 3-fold repetition. We used cattle manure on straw bedding for autumn-winter harvesting. The following types of fertilizers were used: ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, potassium chloride. Determination of the amount and biomass of weeds in potato plantings was carried out in the flowering phase and before harvesting. The application of manure was accompanied by an increase in the number and weight of weeds. Annual weeds predominated in potato plantings: Amaranthus retroflexus L., 1753 and Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson, 1877, Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium album L., 1753, Setaria P. Beauv, 1812 and Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv, 1812, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) BEAUV., 1812 and others, perennials included Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP. 1772 and Sonchus arvensis L., 1753, (Elytrigia repens (L.) DESV. ex NEVSKI, 1933 and others. Planting density also has a definite effect on the development of weeds. When manure was applied in autumn under the plow, the number of weeds increased in comparison with other options, where only mineral fertilizers were applied. The application of manure over frozen plow and in winter over snow leads to a slight decrease (2.3-2.5 pcs/m2) of weeds. The greatest number of weeds is observed during the spring application of manure for plowing the fall plow. Nevertheless, studies aimed at clarifying the composition and structure of weediness, the number and weight of weeds in potato plantings are of great practical importance for local agricultural producers. These data should contribute to the development of an effective weed control system and high yields of potatoes in the region

Quality of Pea Seeds and Agroecological Condition of Soil When Using Structured Water

The widespread use of water in crop production and agriculture is due to a significant increase in yields during the watering of agricultural crops, as well as the transfer of pesticides and mineral fertilizers to plants and soil by water. One of the ways to improve the quality of water used in crop production is to structure it. An urgent task is to study the effect of structured water delivered to agricultural crops by watering or spraying on the yield, quality of the resulting products and agroecological condition of the soil. Field studies on pea crops were conducted at experimental sites of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, laboratory studies were conducted in accredited laboratories for monitoring the quality, safety of feed and raw materials of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the testing centre of the Vinnytsia branch of the state institution “Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine”. When watering peas with structured water, its yield increases by 42.3% compared to the version without water application and by 22.3% compared to the version with watering with plain water. Pea seeds when watered with structured water have a lower content of crude protein by 0.43 %, crude fat – by 0.09%, crude ash – by 0.63%, but a higher content of crude fibre by 0.11% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 0.99% compared to the version without water. The content of humus in the soil, when watered with structured water, was lower than in the version without water by 0.04%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 8.0%, mobile phosphorus – by 20.0%, exchangeable potassium – by 7.9%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.2 pH, hydrolytic acidity – by 21.7%, the concentration of mobile lead – by 18.4%. However, the concentration of mobile cadmium increased by 43.8% and soil moisture – by 4.3%. When comparing the indicators of the agroecological state of the soil, which was watered with structured and plain water, it was found that watering with structured water reduces the content of humus by 0.03%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 2.3%, mobile phosphorus – by 20%, exchange potassium – by 9.7%, hydrolytic acidity – by 7.7%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.3 pH, but increases the content of mobile lead by 10.9%, mobile cadmium – by 25.0% and increases the moisture content in the soil – by 2.7%

Use of the Low-Potential Heat for Heating Helium in Rocket-Carrier Tank Pressurisation Systems

The energy efficiency of new technical developments is a critical issue. It should be noted that today the focus in this issue has seen a major shift to the maximum use of renewable energy sources. The purpose of this research is to reduce the weight of helium heat exchangers of the fuel tank pressurisation systems in modern rocket propulsion systems that use fuel components like liquid oxygen and kerosene-type fuel. This is the first time that the question has been raised about the possibility and advisability of increasing the temperature of helium at the heat exchanger inlet without the use of additional resources. The paper addresses the use of the waste (“low-potential”) heat and ”industrial wastes” present in propulsion systems. Basic laws of complex heat exchange and the retrospective review of applicable heat exchanger structures are applied as a research methodology. Two sources of low-potential heat are identified that have been previously used in the rocket engine building in an inconsistent and piecemeal manner to obtain and heat the pressurisation working fluid. These are the rammedair pressurisation during the motion of the rocket carrier in the atmosphere, and the tank pressurisation as a result of boiling of the top layer of oxidiser which is on the saturation line. This is the first time that the advisability has been substantiated of increasing the temperature of the working fluid at the heat exchanger inlet, first of all due to the use of the low-potential heat. This is also the first time that unemployed sources of low-potential heat and “industrial wastes” are found in modern deep throttling propulsion systems. These are the high-boiling-point fuel in the tank, behind the highpressure pump, at the exit of the combustion chamber cooling duct, and also the fuel tank structures, and the engine plume. A possibility is proved, and an advisability demonstrated of their implementation to increase the efficiency of pressurisation system heat exchangers. This is the first time that the methodology of combustion chamber cooling analysis has been proposed to be adopted for the heating of heat exchanger by the engine plume. This is the first time that a classification of waste heat sources has been developed which can be used to increase the pressurisation working fluid temperature. The identified reserves help to increase the efficiency of the helium heat exchangers of the tank pressurisation systems in the propulsion systems

Determination of the Level of Products Novelty Importance for Developing Product Innovative Policy

To substantiate the range of products of the enterprise there is a need to assess the potential of products in terms of the company’s ability to manufacture these products, consumer opportunities to meet their needs for these products, and market opportunities to ensure a strategic position among similar products. The study used structural-logical and causal methods of analysis to determine the structure of the novelty of goods. The numerical method of multi-criteria decision making TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used to rank the product range of new products according to the level of importance of novelty. Weights of individual components to assess the importance level of novelty in the enterprise were determined by the method of analysis of hierarchies of T.L. Saati. The study used the classification of novelty by its functional focus, according to which consumer, market, and manufacturing novelty of goods are distinguished. The importance of novelty for the manufacturer is the conformity of the product to its innovative development strategy, determination of its place in the market, and prospects for further activities. The importance of the novelty of a new product for the company is proposed to be defined as a measure of the importance of the novelty level of the product for the development of the optimal product range in the product innovative policy of the enterprise. To assess the level of significance of the novelty of goods, criteria of novelty by its types were proposed. According to the results of the study it was found that industrial novelty characterizes the level of use of new technologies in the enterprise, market – the position of a new product on the market among analogues, and consumer – the level and way to meet consumer needs. Further research should relate to the development of appropriate guidelines for the formation of product range and its management based on the assessment of the level of significance of novelty

The Development of Phyto- and Tissue Origin Medicines for Veterinary Reproductive Issues

Modern conditions of practical veterinary medicine require the use of effective and safe drugs. Along with the already known and common medicines, the search for new drugs which are harmless for the body and have the physiological direction of action is still required. In recent years, the attention to the use of phyto- and tissue-derived drugs increased. However, the problem of their use is insufficiently studied – many aspects of their clinical use require further development, expansion of the spectrum of used medicinal plants, study, and implementation into veterinary practice. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to develop a comprehensive vitamin-hormone drugs based on phyto- and tissue medicines for the treatment and prevention of reproductive abnormalities in animals. Based on the information on the etiopathogenesis of disorders of reproductive function indicators: homeostasis, reducing of the concentration of hormones (estrogen or progesterone), changes in the morphofunctional state of endocrine (pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal gland) and reproductive (ovaries) organs, the application of vitamin-hormone drugs in veterinary medicine is scientifically sound. Drugs in terms of pathogenetic therapy can optimise homeostasis, hormone concentrations, stimulate rehabilitation processes in the regulatory organs of reproductive function (pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid) and reproductive organs (ovaries), which, in turn, contributes to the normalisation of follicles which are a prerequisite for the full reproductive capacity of females. Vitamin-hormonal medicines of herbal and tissue origin were developed, with high efficiency for the treatment and prevention of reproductive pathologies of various species of animals, providing the stimulation of reproductive function (estrus signs) for therapy of females with gonadopathies (“Carafest”, “Caplaestrol” and “Caplagonìn”) and males (display of sexual reflexes and sperm quality) for reproductive activity dysfunction (“Carafand”), increase in the viability of the newborn (increasing the number of lambs and goatlings with satisfactory clinical condition with a high-growth potential, reduce in their morbidity and lethality), preventing the incidence of ìntra- and postnatal (labor hypofunction, diseases of post-labor period) pathology (“Carafest”, and “Caplaestrol”)

Optimisation of Nutrition of Early-Maturing Potato Varieties on Drip Irrigation in the South of Ukraine

Potatoes are an extremely important crop for the nutrition of the population in Ukraine. Its potential is high-up to 100 t/ha of tubers, but the average yield reaches 14-16 t/ha. To obtain significantly higher productivity, it is necessary to improve the main elements of cultivation technology. The main factor of potato production on drip irrigation is the optimisation of plant nutrition, which the authors have taken to study with three varieties of early maturing potatoes. Studies have established that providing plants with nutrients with the selection of varieties can increase the productivity of tubers up to 37-39 t/ha, or increase its level compared to the control to 64.7%. It was determined that the maximum yield is provided by the main application from autumn N32P32K32, before planting N48P48K48 and carrying out three top dressings during the growing season simultaneously with watering with a total rate of N33 and Plantafol 6 kg/ha, starting from the beginning of budding with an interval of 8-10 days. At the same time, tubers are formed with high-quality indicators as they contain a sufficient number of dry substances, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and starch. It should be noted that when optimising nutrition, the intake of all the main indicators of potato tubers compared to the control slightly decreased, namely dry substances and starch. On the contrary, the amount of ascorbic acid increased, especially with top dressing with Plantafol. Varietal features regarding the impact on the quality of tubers are also determined. Significantly more dry substances were found in tubers of the Riviera and Prada varieties, and more starch content was found in Prada and Minerva varieties. Slightly less dry matter and ascorbic acid were detected in Minerva potato tubers compared to other varieties. From the grown crop of tubers of the studied potato varieties, it is possible to obtain up to 4.0 t/ha of bioethanol or alcohol if they are processed

Ecomorphic Structure Transformation of Soil Macrofauna Amid Recreational Impact

The level of reacreation load on the components of urban green areas is increasing, so identifying the effective management tools in these ecosystems is becoming crucial for ensuring the maintenance of soil biota habitats. The purpose of this study is to reveal a pattern of structuring community of soil macrofauna under a recreational impact based on an ecomorphic approach. The article assesses the level of recreational transformation of the soil macrofauna of public green spaces in the city of Melitopol on the territory of Novooleksandrivskyi Park. For research purposes, a testing site was allocated in an area with a high level of recreational load, with samples taken within this site. To collect soil macrofauna and assess soil properties at each point of the testing site, soil and zoological tests were carried out and the following soil indicators were measured: temperature, electrical conductivity, humidity and soil penetration resistance, litter depth and grass stand height. The community ordination was performed using two approaches: OMI and RLQ analysis. The study found that the ecological niches of soil macrofauna in recreational conditions are spatially structured. The main factors for structuring the ecological niche of soil macrofauna within the study area are soil penetration resistance in the range of the entire measured layer, soil moisture, and distance to trees. As for the number of species, the basis of the coenomorphic structure of soil macrofauna are silvants (45.5%) and pratants (24.2%). As for the species abundance, the basis of the coenomorphic structure of macrofauna comprises pratants (64.5%), slightly less stepants (19.1%) and silvants (16.1%), and sporadic occurrence of paludants (0.2%). Such coenomorphic structure can be considered as ecologically labile. Zoophages, hemiaerophobes, and megatrophs are tolerant to a high level of recreational load. The area corresponding to the highest level of recreational load is vacant. This indicates factual absence of soil macrofauna species that could exist amid intense recreational exposure

Assessment of the Impact of the Armed Conflict in Ukraine on the Development of the Agricultural Sector and Price Setting

This paper analyses the impact of the armed conflict in Ukraine on the development of the agricultural sector and changes in average prices of agricultural products, and also identifies a possible relationship between changes in prices for agricultural products and financial expenditures for defence needs. The paper also investigates the possible relationship between changes in military spending, gross harvest of cereals and legumes, harvested and threshed area, their yield levels. The study considers how the presence and duration of armed conflict in the country affects: macroeconomic indicators, intensity of hostilities and their localisation in areas of economic activity, gross domestic product (GDP), government expenditures, export-import indicators; household expenditures and domestic investment, consumer and household expenditures. All this, indirectly, has an impact on fluctuations in average prices of products of different sectors of agriculture sold by enterprises. The study takes into account the importance of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is a significant part of the country GDP. The dependence of military spending on the size of GDP is the reason for analysing the relationship between the impact of the existing armed conflict on changes in the state of agriculture in Ukraine. One of the results of such actions was also the spending of more money on the purchase of agricultural products to support the defence needs of the state, etc. Therefore, to understand the magnitude of the impact of gross harvest factors, crop yields, and agricultural land volumes on the pricing of agricultural output using the method of statistical equation dependencies, the findings of the relevant analysis can be used as a basis for developing approaches, methods, and techniques to improve crop yields, or – initiate economic development of the country by increasing agricultural crop yields

Methodological Aspects of the Military-Economic Significance of Agriculture and Modern Problems of Military Food Resources in Ukraine

Today, the study of the military-economic significance of agriculture is given considerable attention by both the leadership of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the state as a whole, so the main purpose of the article is to determine some methodological aspects of the militaryeconomic significance of agriculture to strengthen the military-economic potential of the state and reveal the problems of using food resources for military purposes. In the article, the authors analyse statistical data on the dynamics of the main indicators that characterise the military-economic significance of the agro-industrial complex in the general system of national security of the state, as well as the dynamics of their growth over the years, with further research of correlations between these indicators and defence expenditures of Ukraine in order to develop recommendations for assessing the importance of indicators for the development of the agricultural sector in ensuring a sufficient level of military-economic potential of the state. Through the analysis, the economic capabilities of the state to provide Armed Forces were established, the views on determining the share of GDP in the protection of national interests in order to strengthen the country’s MEP were formed, the main priorities for further development of the country as a whole were formulated. Also in the article, using the method of an expert survey based on pairwise comparisons, the indicators of the contribution of the main components to the overall indicator of sufficiency of the level of military and economic potential of the state are evaluated in order to determine the importance of the agricultural sector in the development of this potential. Based on the results, it was determined that the basis of any MEP of the state is the stability of the functioning of industry and the agricultural sector, since this is the basis for ensuring the country’s defence capability as a whole. The collected statistical data and practical results obtained can be useful for specialists in the defence and agricultural sectors of the state, as well as scientists for conducting further research in the area defined in the article