Evidence of Pyrethroid Tolerance in the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lael Walsh ◽  
Ester Ferrari ◽  
Stephen Foster ◽  
Michael T. Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Phenotypic Response ◽  
Grain Aphid

Results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rose-grain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry – oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are used to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. Aphid pests on cereals in the British Isles are predominantly controlled by pyrethroid insecticides, especially since the implementation of the recent ban on neonicotinoid seed treatments on all outdoor crops. Resistance to pyrethroids has been detected in one of the main aphid pests, the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae), probably brought on by the sustained use of these pyrethroid sprays to control cereal aphids, which can transmit plant viruses, especially Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). The withdrawal of several insecticide compounds (e.g. pirimicarb, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and the aforesaid neonicotinoids) for cereal aphid control will probably increase the selection pressure, leading to increased levels of resistance in S. avenae, and, potentially, the evolution of resistance in other cereal aphid species. In this article we present the results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rosegrain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry– oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), in order to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. At present, little is known about the extent of pyrethroid resistance in S. avenae beyond the UK and in other cereal aphids. It therefore becomes increasingly important to monitor these pests to inform crop management decisions in light of the recent loss of other insecticides. The unintended consequences of the rapid withdrawal of insecticides, together with a failure to prepare and install alternative products and control approaches in advance, will probably ultimately lead to the loss of effectiveness of insecticidal compounds like pyrethroids.

Antioxidant defense mechanisms of cereal aphids based on ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Łukasik ◽  
Sylwia Goławska ◽  
Agnieszka Wójcicka
Keyword(s):  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Ascorbate Peroxidase ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Grain Aphid

AbstractEffects of plant o-dihydroxyphenols on ascorbate (ASA) content and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity in the tissues of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi were studied. Among the aphid morphs, the highest ASA content and APOX activity were noted for larvae and the lowest for wingless apterae. When exposed to o-dihydroxyphenols, aphids of both species contained significantly lower concentrations of ASA and higher APOX activity than the controls. Among the studied compounds, caffeic acid had the strongest effect on ASA-based antioxidant responses in that caffeic acid caused a 5-fold decrease of ASA in aphid tissues. The influences of the plant o-dihydroxyphenols on antioxidant defense mechanisms within the cereal aphid species are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of chlorophenoxy herbicides residues on probing behavior of cereal aphid

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
ROBERT KRZYŻANOWSKI ◽  
IZABELA BEDNARCZYK ◽  
JOLANTA CUDZIŁO-ABRAMCZUK
Keyword(s):  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Grain Aphid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides such as 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are used for cereal protection. However, some of them penetrate the tissues of protected plants and also get in contact with cereal pathogens. The up-to-date studies concerned their effectiveness in combating the weeds without paying attention to the herbivores occurring in cereal agrocenoses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides on the probing behavior of grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.). The experiment was carried out on wingless females feeding on winter wheat seedlings of Tonacja cv. using the electronic penetration graph (EPG) method. Tested herbicide preparations exerted an influence on the probing behavior of all aphids examined. The inhibitory effect of MCPA and 2,4-D on the uptake of phloem juice was found. It has been shown that chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides are not only effective in combating the weeds of cereal crops, but can also have positive side-effects in the form of limiting the cereal aphids population.

Trophic interactions between three species of cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and spring wheat (Poaceae): implications for pest management

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Migui ◽  
Robert J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Specific Impact

AbstractThe susceptibilities of genetically diverse Canadian spring wheats, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., to three aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were investigated. Trophic interactions measured as changes in biomass of aphids and wheat plants were used to quantify levels of resistance, components of resistance, and impact of aphids on yield. Plants in field cages were infested with small numbers of aphids for 21 days at heading. These plants were usually more suitable for the development of S. avenae and S. graminum than of R. padi. Partial resistance, measured as seed production by infested plants as a proportion of that by a control, varied from 11% to 59% for different aphid species and wheat classes when all wheat plants were infested at the same stage. Cultivars within wheat classes responded similarly to each of the aphid species. None of the wheat cultivars showed agriculturally effective levels of antibiosis. The specific impact of each aphid species and wheat class varied from 5 to 15 mg of plant biomass lost for each milligram of biomass gained by the aphids. Canadian Western Red Spring wheat had a lower specific impact and therefore was more tolerant to aphids than the other two classes, but not tolerant enough to avoid economic damage at the aphid densities observed. Plants did not compensate for feeding damage after aphid feeding ceased, based on the higher specific impacts observed for mature plants than for plants that were heading. The interactions between aphids and plants show that current economic thresholds probably underestimate the damage caused by cereal aphids to Canadian spring wheat.

Comparing growth patterns among field populations of cereal aphids reveals factors limiting their maximum abundance

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Honek ◽  
V. Jarosik ◽  
A.F.G. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Maximum Abundance ◽  
Aphid Density

AbstractCereal stands in central Europe are commonly infested with three species of aphids that may become serious pests. With increasing abundance, the proportion of a particular species in the total aphid population may remain constant, suggesting a density-independent exponential growth, or the proportion can change, suggesting density-dependent constraints on growth. The constraints that affect particular species, and thus their relative abundance, were studied. The proportionality between maximum abundances of the cereal aphids was studied using a 10-year census of the numbers of aphids infesting 268 winter wheat plots. For two species their abundance on leaves and ears was compared. With increasing aphid density the maximum abundance of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) remained proportional, but not that of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), which was constrained by the smaller surface area of ears compared to leaves. There was no evidence of inter-specific competition. Maximum abundance of R. padi and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) on leaves did not change proportionally as the proportion of M. dirhodum decreased with increasing overall aphid density. This decrease was probably caused by the restricted distribution of M. dirhodum, which is confined to leaves, where space is limiting. No change in proportion between populations was detected when the average densities were below 0.54 aphids per leaf or ear. Non-proportional relationships between aphid populations appeared to be due to spatial constraints, acting upon the more abundant population. Detecting the limitation of population growth can help with the assessment of when density-independent exponential growth is limited by density-dependent factors. This information may help in the development of models of cereal aphid population dynamics.

scholarly journals Partial-resistance against aphids in wild barley reduces the oviposition success of the generalist parasitoid, Aphidius colemani Viereck

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel. J. Leybourne ◽  
Tracy. A. Valentine ◽  
Jorunn. I. B. Bos ◽  
Alison. J. Karley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Aphid Control

AbstractAphids are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops with a worldwide distribution. The control of aphids in agricultural systems is currently heavily reliant on insecticidal compounds, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that chemical-based control of agricultural pests has far-reaching unintended consequences on agro-ecosystems. As a result, more sustainable means of aphid control are becoming increasingly desirable. Potential options include increasing plant resistance against aphids, promoting biocontrol, and the combined use of both strategies. When used together it is important to understand how, and to what extent, increased plant resistance against aphids affects the success of biocontrol agents. In this current study, we examine how partial-resistance against cereal aphids in a wild relative of barley, Hordeum spontaneum 5 (Hsp5), affects the success of the common parasitoid of cereal aphids, Aphidius colemani. We show that the parasitism success of A. colemani attacking nymphs of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, contained on Hsp5 is reduced compared with the parasitism success of wasps attacking R. padi nymphs feeding on a susceptible modern cultivar of barley, H. vulgare cv. Concerto. Explanta parasitism assays showed that the in parasitoid success is a direct effect of the plant environment (such as differential architectural traits), rather than an indirect effect dur to a decrease in aphid suitability resulting from increased resistance against aphids in Hsp5. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the direct and indirect effects of plant resistance against aphids on biocontrol strategies.

scholarly journals Abundance of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) within wild Triticum and Aegi­lops spp., and cultivated wheat

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
H. Havlíčková ◽  
V. Holubec
Keyword(s):  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Aegilops Species ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Triticum Species ◽  
The Individual

Accessions of the wild Triticum species: T. boeticum, T. dicoccoides, T. urartu, and the Aegilops species:  Ae. columnaris, Ae. geniculata, Ae. markgrafii, Ae. neglecta and Ae. triuncialis in the collection of the Gene Bank of RICP Prague-Ruzyně, with T.  aestivum cv. Sandra as control, were evaluated for cereal aphid occurrence in the open during 1995–1998 period. The cereal aphid species Rhopalosiphum  padi (RP), Metopolophium dirhodum (MD) and Sitobion avenae (SA) were predominant on the plants. Variations in the abundance of individual aphid species in each year were found. The results from 1997, the optimal year for aphid occurrence, showed differences between both aphid and plant species. RP significantly dominated in Triticum species, while SA preferred Aegilops accessions. A significant negative correlation was found between RP and MD densities in the Triti­ cum spp., while MD and SA occurrence showed a negative relation to that of RP and SA in the Aegilops accessions. The individual aphid species showed a similar pattern of infestation in several genomically close accessions.

scholarly journals Resistance of Triticum species to cereal aphids

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S67-S70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Radchenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Triticum Urartu ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Grain Aphid ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The resistance of Triticum ssp. to English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) has been studied in different regions of Russia and the former Soviet Union. The dependence of resistance to aphids on the wheat genome constitution was determined. Diploid species with genomes A<sup>u</sup> (Triticum urartu) and A<sup>b</sup> (T. boeoticum, T. monococcum) are the most resistant. Possessing a D genome in the species T. kiharae and T. miguschovae gives high resistance. Resistance controlled by the G genome is overcome by the pests.

Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations. I. Electrophoretic techniques and staining systems for characterising isoenzymes from six species of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Loxdale ◽  
P. Castañera ◽  
C. P. Brookes
Keyword(s):  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Electrophoretic Study ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Electrophoretic Techniques

AbstractOne–dimensional slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques, staining systems and isoenzyme banding patterns for 14 soluble enzymes separated from crude homogenates of individuals of six species of cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae (F.), S. fragariae (Wlk.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), M. festucae (Theo.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and R. maidis (Fitch)) are described. The value of the techniques and banding patterns to taxonomic and population genetic studies of these and other aphid species are briefly discussed. With the six species, it was possible to separate the different genera as well as individual species within genera. The enzymes found to be most useful for inter–generic and/or -specific separations were adenylate kinase (AK), esterase (EST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), hexokinase (HK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peptidase (PEP), phosphatase (PHOS), phosphoglucomutase (PMG), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORDH), whilst glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD), malic enzyme (ME) and peroxidase (POD) were of relatively little taxonomic use. There were no banding pattern differences between the various morphs of S. avenae (first to fourth-instar nymphs, apterous and alate adults using the 14 enzymes.

scholarly journals Moderately decreasing fertilizer in fields does not reduce populations of cereal aphids but maximizes fitness of parasitoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Qiao ◽  
Quan-Feng Yang ◽  
Rui-Xing Hou ◽  
Ke-Ning Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Nitrogen Input ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Pest Suppression

AbstractExamination of the tradeoff between the extent of decreasing nitrogen input and pest suppression is crucial for maintaining the balance between essential yield and an efficient, sustainable pest control strategy. In this study, an experiment with four manipulated nitrogen fertilizer levels (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N ha−1 = conventional level) was conducted to explore the effects of decreasing nitrogen on cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Aphidiinae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), and body sizes of parasitoids. The results indicated that nitrogen application, in the range of 70–280 kg N ha−1, has the potential to impact the populations of cereal aphids and their parasitoids. However, both differences between densities of cereal aphids and their parasitoids in moderate (140–210 kg N ha−1) and those in high nitrogen input (280 kg N ha−1) were not significant, and the parasitism rate was also unaffected. A higher parasitism rate reduced population growth of the cereal aphid (S. avenae). Additionally, a moderate decrease of nitrogen fertilizer from 280 to 140–210 kg N ha−1 maximized the body sizes of Aphidiinae parasitoids, indicating that a moderate decrease of nitrogen fertilizer could facilitate biocontrol of cereal aphid by parasitoids in the near future. We conclude that a moderate decrease in nitrogen application, from 280 to 140–210 kg N ha−1, does not quantitatively impact the densities of cereal aphids or the parasitism rate but can qualitatively maximize the fitness of the parasitoids.

Responses of the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and bird cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) to insecticide seed treatments in wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Kirkland ◽  
Elia I. Pirtle ◽  
Paul A. Umina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diuraphis Noxia ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Control Option

Aphids are economically important pests of cereal crops globally. They feed on the sap of plants, which can directly reduce yield and grain quality. Many species are also proficient at transmitting important plant viruses. Two of the world’s most damaging cereal aphids are the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and bird cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi). These species are present in all major grain-growing regions worldwide, with D. noxia recently invading Australia. In many countries, including Australia, chemicals are an important control option. Insecticide seed-dressings, in particular, are widely used to combat early-season infestations of aphids in establishing cereal crops. In this study we examined the length of protection provided by several insecticide seed-dressings against D. noxia in wheat, and compared this with R. padi. All seed-dressings examined were efficacious for up to 5 weeks after wheat emergence; however, notable differences were evident between aphid species. In most instances, R. padi was able to persist and reproduce on wheat at an earlier growth stage than D. noxia. These findings suggest that R. padi is more tolerant to certain insecticides and may therefore re-infest insecticide-treated wheat fields earlier than D. noxia.

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