The Chemical Composition of the Medieval Mirrors from Golden Horde Time Settlements

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 4 Istorija Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija ◽

10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 17-29

Author(s):

Kseniya Kovaleva ◽

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Stone Casting ◽

Casting Mold ◽

14Th Century ◽

Tin Bronze ◽

Tin Content ◽

Large Groups

Introduction. The paper discussed the results of the study concerning the chemical composition of 16 mirrors from the Golden Horde period originating from the settlements Selitrennoe, Vodyanskoe, Uvekskoe Khmelevskoe I, Shirokiy Buerak and stored in the State Historical Museum (Moscow) and Saratov Regional Museum of Local Lore (Saratov). Method. The visual inspection of the items was carried out using the traceology method, XRF and SEM/EDS were used as a method of determining the elemental composition. To compare the results, data on the chemical composition of mirrors originating from other medieval sites in Eastern Europe were used. Analysis and Results. All but one mirror, made with a stone casting mold, were cast using the impression method. Some of the mirrors show traces of post-casting processing. Several types of alloys have been identified. Most of the mirrors were made of tin-lead bronze (7 items) with an increased (more than 20 %) tin content, which correlates with the results obtained on samples from other settlements of the pre-Horde and Horde times. Other large groups are mirrors made from multicomponent (3 items) and tin bronze (4 items). One mirror each is made of tin brass and lead bronze with the addition of arsenic. Mirrors with arsenic in their composition are also known from other samples from a nomadic cemetery of the Golden Horde period and settlement monuments, which indicates a sufficiently active existence of a more archaic metal in the 14th century.

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A Copper Alloy Light Cannon From Grodno – An Example of Early Firearms From Eastern Europe

10.21203/rs.3.rs-267813/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Grzegorz Żabiński ◽

Piotr Strzyż ◽

Tomasz Goryczka ◽

Krzysztof Aniołek ◽

Ewelina Miśta-Jakubowska

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Copper Alloy

Abstract The paper discusses a recent find of a copper alloy light cannon discovered at the Old Castle in Grodno, Belarus. First, the archaeological and historical contexts of the discovery are dealt with. Then, the morphology and typochronology of the cannon are discussed and relevant analogies are proposed. Next, the technology of manufacture of the cannon is dealt with on the basis of metallographic examinations and EDS analyses of the metal’s elemental composition. It was found out that the artefact had been made of leaded copper. The cannon can be dated to the late 14th c., as implied both by the find context, the morphology and the chemical composition of the artefact. Its deposition can possibly related to fights over the Old Castle in Grodno in this period, waged by Teutonic, Polish and Lithuanian forces. It can tentatively be assumed that the cannon was manufactured in a Teutonic Order’s workshop, but further research is necessary to verify this supposition.

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A copper alloy light cannon from Grodno: an example of early firearms from Eastern Europe

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-021-00534-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Grzegorz Żabiński ◽

Piotr Strzyż ◽

Tomasz Goryczka ◽

Krzysztof Aniołek ◽

Ewelina Miśta-Jakubowska

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Late Medieval ◽

Modern Period ◽

Manufacturing Technologies

AbstractThe paper discusses a recent find of a copper alloy light cannon discovered at the Old Castle in Grodno, Belarus. The research aim was to analyse the artefact in all its possible aspects, including archaeological and historical contexts, possible analogies, and the gun’s technology of manufacture. This latter was done against a broad comparative background of what is known on manufacturing technologies of late medieval and modern period copper alloy firearms. First, the archaeological and historical contexts of the discovery are dealt with. Then, the morphology and typochronology of the cannon are discussed and relevant analogies are proposed. Next, the technology of manufacture of the cannon is studied on the basis of metallographic examinations and EDS analyses of the metal’s elemental composition. It was found out that the artefact had been made of leaded copper. The cannon can be dated with reasonable certainty to the late 14th c., as implied both by the find context, the morphology and the chemical composition of the artefact. Its deposition can be related to fights over the Old Castle in Grodno in this period, waged by Teutonic, Polish and Lithuanian forces. It can tentatively be proposed that the cannon was manufactured in a Teutonic Order’s workshop, but further research is necessary to verify this supposition.

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Seasonal variation in elemental composition of Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag.) Kutz and Sargassum wightii (Greville Mscr.) J.G. Agardh in relation to chemical composition of seawater

Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces ◽

10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.12.019 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 140-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Murugaiyan ◽

K. Sivakumar

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Sargassum Wightii

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About the possibility of identification of articles from steels, aluminum, copper and alloys on their basis on the expanded micro-impurity elemental composition

Chernye Metally ◽

10.17580/chm.2021.02.09 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Yu. B. Sazonov ◽

D. Yu. Ozherelkov ◽

R. Sh. Latypov ◽

E. E. Gorshkov

Keyword(s):

Spectral Analysis ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Minimal Amount ◽

Elementary Composition ◽

Geometric Size ◽

The Common

Possibility of determination of the fragments and articles made of different grades of steel aluminium and copper alloys and their affiliation to the common melt was examined via the methods of photoelectric spectral analysis based on composition of micro-impurities. Chemical elements with micro-impurities were revealed; they allow to determine affiliation of metal fragments to one melt. Ultimately possible deviations of micro-impurities within one melt were obtained. The technique allowing to establish affiliation of fragments to the common melt based on their elementary composition of micro-impurities with minimal amount of measurements was suggested based on the obtained results. The minimal geometric size of a sample available for analysis was determined; it allows to classify the examined fragments to one melt based on the results of investigation of expanded elementary composition of micro-impurities. Practical opportunities of this technique were displayed on the example of the alloys with different chemical composition.

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Failure Analysis of fractured Fixing Bolts of a Mobile Elevating Work Platform using Finite Element Methods

10.20944/preprints201909.0190.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

DongHoon Choi ◽

Jae-Hoon Kim

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Analysis ◽

Failure Analysis ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Fatigue Analysis ◽

Certification Authority ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Safety Certification

Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs) consist of a work platform, extending structure, and chassis, and are used to move persons to working positions. MEWPs are useful but are composed of pieces of equipment, and accidents do occur owing to equipment defects. Among these defects, accidents caused by the fracture of bolts fixed to the extension structure and swing system are increasing. This paper presents a failure analysis of the fixing bolts of MEWP. Standard procedure for failure analysis was employed in this investigation. Visual inspection, chemical analysis, tensile strength measurement, and finite element analysis (FEA) were used to analyze the failure of the fixing bolts. Using this failure analysis approach, we found the root cause of failure and proposed a means for solving this type of failure in the future. First, the chemical composition of the fixing bolt is obtained by a spectroscopy chemical analysis method, which determined that the chemical composition matched the required standard. The tensile test showed that the tensile and yield strengths were within the required capacity. The stress analysis was carried out at five different boom angles, and it was determined that the fixing bolt of MEWP can withstand the loads at all the boom angles. The outcomes of the fatigue analysis revealed that the fixing bolt fails before reaching the design requirements. The results of the fatigue analysis showed primarily that the failure of the fixing bolt was due to fatigue. A visual inspection of the fractured section of the fixing bolt also confirmed the fatigue failure. We propose a method to prevent failure of the fixing bolt of the MEWP from four different standpoints: the manufacturer, safety certification authority, safety inspection agency, and owner.

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Temperature and volatile organic compound concentrations as controlling factors for chemical composition of <i>α</i>-pinene-derived secondary organic aerosol

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-11545-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 11545-11562

Author(s):

Louise N. Jensen ◽

Manjula R. Canagaratna ◽

Kasper Kristensen ◽

Lauriane L. J. Quéléver ◽

Bernadette Rosati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Organic Compound ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Volatile Organic Compound ◽

Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Oxidation Level ◽

Volatile Organic

Abstract. This work investigates the individual and combined effects of temperature and volatile organic compound precursor concentrations on the chemical composition of particles formed in the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene. All experiments were conducted in a 5 m3 Teflon chamber at an initial ozone concentration of 100 ppb and initial α-pinene concentrations of 10 and 50 ppb, respectively; at constant temperatures of 20, 0, or −15 ∘C; and at changing temperatures (ramps) from −15 to 20 and from 20 to −15 ∘C. The chemical composition of the particles was probed using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). A four-factor solution of a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the combined HR-ToF-AMS data is presented. The PMF analysis and the elemental composition analysis of individual experiments show that secondary organic aerosol particles with the highest oxidation level are formed from the lowest initial α-pinene concentration (10 ppb) and at the highest temperature (20 ∘C). A higher initial α-pinene concentration (50 ppb) and/or lower temperature (0 or −15 ∘C) results in a lower oxidation level of the molecules contained in the particles. With respect to the carbon oxidation state, particles formed at 0 ∘C are more comparable to particles formed at −15 ∘C than to those formed at 20 ∘C. A remarkable observation is that changes in temperature during particle formation result in only minor changes in the elemental composition of the particles. Thus, the temperature at which aerosol particle formation is induced seems to be a critical parameter for the particle elemental composition. Comparison of the HR-ToF-AMS-derived estimates of the content of organic acids in the particles based on m/z 44 in the mass spectra show good agreement with results from off-line molecular analysis of particle filter samples collected from the same experiments. Higher temperatures are associated with a decrease in the absolute mass concentrations of organic acids (R-COOH) and organic acid functionalities (-COOH), while the organic acid functionalities account for an increasing fraction of the measured particle mass.

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Distribution on microhardness, chemical composition and structure over a layer of heat-resistant highyardness alloy formed by multilayer plasma surfacing in a nitrogen medium

Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika ◽

10.17223/00213411/64/7/75 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 75-80

Author(s):

N.N. Malushin ◽

◽

D.A. Romanov ◽

A.P. Kovalev ◽

L.P. Bashchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

High Quality ◽

Heat Resistant Alloy ◽

Resistant Alloy ◽

Heat Resistant ◽

Slag Inclusions ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Plasma Surfacing

Microhardness distributions, surface morphology, and elemental composition of a deposited layer of a heat-resistant alloy of the type P2M8U steel formed by plasma surfacing in a protective-alloying nitrogen medium are studied. It was established that the surfacing technology and surfacing material allows to obtain a high-quality deposited alloy without cracks, pores, slag inclusions and defects of macro- and microstructure. It has been established that the deposited material is pearlite grains at the boundaries and grain junctions of which are carbonitrides based on iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum (Fe6 W6 NC and AlN).

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Les granites a muscovite du mont Pilat (Massif central)

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-viii.1.133 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol S7-VIII (1) ◽

pp. 133-149

Author(s):

Jean Ravier ◽

Maurice Chenevoy

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Massif Central ◽

Potassic Feldspar ◽

Large Groups ◽

Metamorphic Series

Abstract Muscovite granites of the Pilat massif (French Central Massif) can be divided into two large groups. Those belonging to the first group appear in the so-called metamorphic series of the Pilat massif and are associated with granulites of rhyolitic origin from which they were directly derived by anatexis. Those of the second group are doubtless of similar origin, although this is more difficult to establish. All these granites have a constant chemical composition. Their magmatic paragenesis includes, in addition to quartz, potassic feldspar and albite, some biotite, a little muscovite, and occasionally andalusite. The data seem to indicate crystallization under conditions of low pressure and temperatures less than 700 degrees C. Subsequently, secondary muscovitization developed at the expense of andalusite. The muscovite granites of the Pilat massif do not present a mineralization sequence. Their mode of formation was quite different from that of the late hololeucocratic granites resulting from a differentiation of granitoid assemblages.

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Seasonal differences of urban organic aerosol composition – an ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry study

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en12016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 298 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Angela G. Rincón ◽

Ana I. Calvo ◽

Mathias Dietzel ◽

Markus Kalberer

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

High Resolution ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Organic Aerosols ◽

Urban Site ◽

High Resolution Mass ◽

Oxidised Nitrogen ◽

Resolution Mass

Environmental contextUnderstanding the molecular composition and chemical transformations of organic aerosols during atmospheric aging is a major challenge in atmospheric chemistry. Ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry can provide detailed information on the molecular composition of organic aerosols. Aerosol samples collected in summer and winter at an urban site are characterised and compared in detail with respect to the elemental composition of their components, especially nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, and are discussed with respect to atmospheric formation processes. AbstractOrganic compounds are major constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. The understanding of their chemical composition, their properties and reactivity are important for assessing aerosol effects upon both global climate change and human health. The composition of organic aerosols is poorly understood, mainly due to its highly complex chemical composition of several thousand compounds. There is currently no analytical technique available covering a wide enough chemical space to characterise this large number of organic compounds. In recent years ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry has been increasingly used to explore the chemical complexity in organic aerosols from laboratory and ambient samples. In the present study ambient particles <1 µm were collected at an urban site in Cambridge, UK, from August to December 2009. The water-soluble organic fraction of the filters was separated from inorganic ions following a procedure developed for humic-like substance isolation. Ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry analyses were performed in negative and positive polarity. Data in the mass range of m/z 50–350 were analysed for their elemental composition. Summer samples generally contained more components than winter samples. The large number of compounds was subdivided into groups according to their elemental composition. Up to 80 % of the peaks contain nitrogen and sulfur functional groups and only ~20 % of the compounds contain only C, H and O atoms. In summer the fraction of compounds with oxidised nitrogen and sulfur groups increases compared with winter indicating a photo-chemical formation route of these multifunctional compounds. In addition to oxidised nitrogen compounds a large number of amines was identified.

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