Stem cells - The powerhouse of tissue engineering

Complex interactions between stem cells, vascular cells and fibroblasts represent the substrate of building microenvironment-embedded 3D structures that can be grafted or added to bone substitute scaffolds in tissue engineering or clinical bone repair. Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells (hASCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and normal dermal human fibroblasts (NDHF) can be mixed together in three dimensional scaffold free constructs and their behaviour will emphasize their potential use as seeding points in bone tissue engineering. Various combinations of the aforementioned cell lines were compared to single cell line culture in terms of size, viability and cell proliferation. At 5 weeks, viability dropped for single cell line spheroids while addition of NDHF to hASC maintained the viability at the same level at 5 weeks Fibroblasts addition to the 3D construct of stem cells and endothelial cells improves viability and reduces proliferation as a marker of cell differentiation toward osteogenic line.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation: Mitochondria Matter in Osteogenesis or Adipogenesis Direction

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x15666200324165655 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 602-606

Author(s):

Kun Ji ◽

Ling Ding ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Yun Dai ◽

Fangfang Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Mesodermal Cell ◽

Cell Lineages ◽

Current Review ◽

Differentiation Factors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Msc Differentiation

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) exhibit enormous therapeutic potential because of their indispensable regenerative, reparative, angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and immunosuppressive properties. MSCs can best differentiate into mesodermal cell lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, muscle cells, endothelial cells and chondrocytes. Specific differentiation of MSCs could be induced through limited conditions. In addition to the relevant differentiation factors, drastic changes also occur in the microenvironment to conduct it in an optimal manner for particular differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that the mitochondria participate in the regulating of direction and process of MSCs differentiation. Therefore, our current review focuses on how mitochondria participate in both osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSC differentiation. Besides that, in our current review, we try to provide a further understanding of the relationship between the behavior of mitochondria and the direction of MSC differentiation, which could optimize current cellular culturing protocols for further facilitating tissue engineering by adjusting specific conditions of stem cells.

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Uncovering the Diversification of Tissue Engineering on the Emergent Areas of Stem Cells, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x15666200103124821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 187-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sunil K. Dubey ◽

Amit Alexander ◽

Munnangi Sivaram ◽

Mukta Agrawal ◽

Gautam Singhvi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Clinical Application ◽

Cell Types ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Induced Pluripotent ◽

Treat All ◽

The Impact

Damaged or disabled tissue is life-threatening due to the lack of proper treatment. Many conventional transplantation methods like autograft, iso-graft and allograft are in existence for ages, but they are not sufficient to treat all types of tissue or organ damages. Stem cells, with their unique capabilities like self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types, can be a potential strategy for tissue regeneration. However, the challenges like reproducibility, uncontrolled propagation and differentiation, isolation of specific kinds of cell and tumorigenic nature made these stem cells away from clinical application. Today, various types of stem cells like embryonic, fetal or gestational tissue, mesenchymal and induced-pluripotent stem cells are under investigation for their clinical application. Tissue engineering helps in configuring the stem cells to develop into a desired viable tissue, to use them clinically as a substitute for the conventional method. The use of stem cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) is being studied to replace the stem cells, which decreases the immunological complications associated with the direct administration of stem cells. Tissue engineering also investigates various biomaterials to use clinically, either to replace the bones or as a scaffold to support the growth of stemcells/ tissue. Depending upon the need, there are various biomaterials like bio-ceramics, natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers to support replacement or regeneration of tissue. Like the other fields of science, tissue engineering is also incorporating the nanotechnology to develop nano-scaffolds to provide and support the growth of stem cells with an environment mimicking the Extracellular matrix (ECM) of the desired tissue. Tissue engineering is also used in the modulation of the immune system by using patient-specific Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and by modifying the physical features of scaffolds that may provoke the immune system. This review describes the use of various stem cells, biomaterials and the impact of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine.

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The Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Craniofacial Tissue Engineering

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x09666140213204202 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 280-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lin Zhang ◽

Ge Feng ◽

Xing Wei ◽

Lan Huang ◽

Aishu Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Craniofacial Tissue

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Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Tissue Engineering- Part 1

Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine ◽

10.2174/2210297311101010030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 30-41

Author(s):

Ali Mobasheri ◽

Mehdi Shakibaei

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue

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LIPOSUCTION-DERIVED STEM CELLS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING

Shock ◽

10.1097/00024382-200403001-00540 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

W. Richter ◽

A. Winter

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells

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Fluid Flow Mechanical Stimulation-Assisted Cartridge Device for the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12080927 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 927

Author(s):

Ki-Taek Lim ◽

Dinesh-K. Patel ◽

Sayan-Deb Dutta ◽

Keya Ganguly

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Fluid Flow ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Flow Condition ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Static Conditions

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the potential to differentiate into different types of mesodermal tissues. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs are necessary for bone regeneration in tissue engineering. The present study aimed to design and develop a fluid flow mechanically-assisted cartridge device to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. We used the fluorescence-activated cell-sorting method to analyze the multipotent properties of hMSCs and found that the cultured cells retained their stemness potential. We also evaluated the cell viabilities of the cultured cells via water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST-1) assay under different rates of flow (0.035, 0.21, and 0.35 mL/min) and static conditions and found that the cell growth rate was approximately 12% higher in the 0.035 mL/min flow condition than the other conditions. Moreover, the cultured cells were healthy and adhered properly to the culture substrate. Enhanced mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed under different perfusion conditions compared to the static conditions, indicating that the applied conditions play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs. Furthermore, we determined the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, including the runt-related protein 2 (Runx2), collagen type I (Col1), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), under various perfusion vis-à-vis static conditions and found that they were significantly affected by the applied conditions. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensities of OCN and OPN osteogenic gene markers were found to be enhanced in the 0.035 mL/min flow condition compared to the control, indicating that it was a suitable condition for osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, the findings of this study reveal that the developed cartridge device promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs and can potentially be used in the field of tissue engineering.

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