Background:
Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and
social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue.
Objective:
We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine
and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking
mode and an off-line pre-concentration method.
Methods:
Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted
from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method,
an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument.
Results:
The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA
guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine,
codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected
using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions
and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended
less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and
data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings
of subjects.
Conclusion:
The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine
and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals,
with no derivatization step.
Measuring acute pulmonary responses to occupational wildland fire smoke exposure using exhaled breath condensate
