The Relationship between a Functional Reach Test and Other Balance Tests

Background Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal condition affecting older individuals. Clinical balance tests are frequently used to assess standing balance in these people. There is insufficient information regarding the reliability of these tests. Objective The aim of this study was to estimate reliability and measurement error of 4 common clinical standing balance tests in people with hip OA. Design A prospective study was conducted with repeated measures between 2 independent raters within 1 session and within 1 rater over a 1-week interval. Methods Thirty people with hip OA were evaluated. Reliability was estimated for the Four-Square Step Test, Step Test, Functional Reach Test, and Timed Single-Leg Stance Test using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2,1]). Measurement error was expressed as standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change. Results The Four-Square Step Test, Step Test, and Timed Single-Leg Stance Test were sufficiently reliable between raters (ICC=.85–.94, lower 1-sided 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=.71–.89), whereas the Step Test (standing on study limb) and Timed Single-Leg Stance Test (standing on nonstudy limb) were sufficiently reliable within a rater over a 1-week interval (ICC=.91, lower 1-sided 95% CI=.80–.83). The Step Test (standing on study limb) and Timed Single-Leg Stance Test (standing on nonstudy limb) achieved optimal levels of reliability (ICC >.90, lower 1-sided 95% CI >.70), with acceptable measurement error (<10%) for clinical outcome measures. The Functional Reach Test was not sufficiently reliable. A ceiling effect was detected for the Timed Single-Leg Stance Test. Limitations Reliability was assessed only between 2 raters during a single session and within 1 rater over a 1-week interval, which limits generalizability. Conclusions The Step Test (standing on study limb) is recommended as a highly reliable test with acceptable measurement error for assessing standing balance in people with hip OA.

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The Relationship between Stepping Test, Functional Reach Test and Balance Board Test in Healthy Male Students

Advances in Research ◽

10.9734/air/2015/14897 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 571-576

Author(s):

Hiroki Sugiura ◽

Shinichi Demura

Keyword(s):

Male Students ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Board Test ◽

Functional Reach Test ◽

The Relationship ◽

Balance Board

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Effect of Posture Training with Weighted Kypho-Orthosis (WKO) on Improving Balance in Women with Osteoporosis

Journal of Aging Research ◽

10.1155/2014/427903 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Seyed Ahmad Raeissadat ◽

Leyla Sedighipour ◽

Safura Pournajaf ◽

Reza Vahab Kashani ◽

Shahram Sadeghi

Keyword(s):

Weight Bearing ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Control Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Training Support ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Balance Tests ◽

Functional Reach Test

Objectives.To determine the effect of weighted kypho-orthosis (WKO) on improving balance in women with osteoporosis. In this nonrandomized controlled clinical trial, 31 patients with osteoporosis were included. The patients were assigned to two groups: (1) control group who received 4-week home-based daily exercise program including weight bearing, back strengthening, and balance exercises and (2) intervention group (WKO) who performed aforementioned exercises and wore WKO for one hour twice a day. Patients were assessed using clinical balance tests (timed up and go test, functional reach test, and unilateral balance test) before and 4 weeks after start of treatment.Results.Functional reach and timed up and go test were improved significantly in both groups compared to baseline. The improvement in intervention group was more significant in comparison to control group (P<0.05).Discussion.Posture training with WKO together with exercise program improved two clinical balance tests in women with osteoporosis.Conclusion.Posture training support (PTS) applied as WKO together with back extension exercises can be prescribed as an intervention in elderly women in order to reduce the risk of falling.

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Balance and Ankle Range of Motion in Community-Dwelling Women Aged 64 to 87 Years: A Correlational Study

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/80.10.1004 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1004-1011 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Chiara Mecagni ◽

Janet Pulliam Smith ◽

Kay E Roberts ◽

Susan B O'Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Mobility Assessment ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

Functional Reach Test ◽

Risk Of Falls ◽

The Relationship ◽

Falls In Elderly

Abstract Background and Purpose. This study investigated the relationship between balance measures and ankle range of motion (ROM) in community-dwelling elderly women with no health problems. Identification of modifiable factors associated with balance may enable clinicians to design treatments to help reduce the risk of falls in elderly people. Subjects. The sample consisted of 34 women between the ages of 64 and 87 years (X̄=74.7, SD=6.0). Methods. Goniometry was used to determine bilateral ankle active-assistive range of motion (AAROM) and passive range of motion. Balance capabilities were measured with the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA). Balance data for the FRT, POMA balance subtest, POMA gait subtest, and POMA total score were correlated with ankle ROM using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PCC). Results. Correlations between ROM and balance scores were found, ranging from .29 to .63. The POMA gait subtest and FRT resulted in higher correlations with ROM than did the POMA balance subtest (left total AAROM PCC=.63, .51, and .31). Correlations using composite ankle ROM scores were higher than individual motions. The strongest correlation existed between bilateral, total ankle AAROM and the POMA gait subtest scores (PCC=.63) Conclusion and Discussion. Correlations exist between ankle ROM and balance in community-dwelling elderly women. Additional research is needed to determine whether treatment directed at increasing ankle ROM can improve balance.

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Kinesio taping techniques for ankle stabilisation in patients with stroke: a single-blinded randomised controlled study

International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation ◽

10.12968/ijtr.2019.0082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Ramazan Kurul ◽

Tamer Cankaya ◽

Necmiye Un Yildirim

Keyword(s):

Barthel Index ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Kinesio Taping ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Functional Reach Test ◽

Peroneus Brevis

Background/AimsAnkle proprioception and neuromuscular feedback from this region provides the sensory input needed for balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated correction taping applied on the ankle and peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles on balance and gait in patients with stroke.MethodsA total of 61 patients with stroke with a mean age of 62.25 ± 7.04 years were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=30) received 1 hour of rehabilitation, which took place during weekdays over the course of 2 weeks. The intervention group (n=31) received 1 hour of daily rehabilitation as well as having kinesio tape applied to their ankle. Both groups were assessed with the Balance Evaluating Systems Test, Timed Up and Go Test, Functional Reach Test, Tetrax Balance System and Barthel Index. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after the first application, 1 week and 2 weeks later, following the first taping.ResultsThere was a significant improvement in the Balance Evaluating Systems and Functional Reach Tests scores between the first and last measurements in favour of the intervention group (P<0.05). There were no significant changes between baseline and immediately after assessment for all measurements (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in Tetrax scores, Timed Up and Go Test and Barthel Index scores (P>0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, it was found that dynamic balance was improved by taping the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles, but the static balance did not change. One week of kinesio taping would be beneficial; however, prolonged use would not provide further improvement.

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Effects of proprioception training program on balance among patients with diabetic neuropathy: a quasi experimental trial

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association ◽

10.47391/jpma.286 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Humaira Iram ◽

Muhammad Kashif ◽

Hafiz Muhammad Junaid Hassan ◽

Salma Bunyad ◽

Samra Asghar

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Neuropathy ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Berg Balance Scale ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Walk Test ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Functional Reach Test ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Eyes Open

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of proprioception training in improving balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: A quasi-experimental design study was conducted at the Safi Hospital Faisalabad for eight weeks from August to December 2019. Out of, 38, 19 patients were placed in exercise group (10 males, 9 females; mean age 64 ± 7.7 years; range 60 to 83 years) and 19 patients were placed in controls group (12 males, 7 females; mean age 63 ± 8.2 years) were included in this study through consecutive sampling technique. Proprioception Training was given to exercise group twice a week for eight weeks and the diabetes awareness campaign was given once a week to the control group. Static and dynamic balance were assessed by using One Leg Standing (OLS) Test with eyes open and closed, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and 10-M Walk Test (10-MWT). The data was collected before and after treatment and was compared using independent sample t-test. Results: The finding of the study showed that OLS score with eyes open improved significantly with p<0.05 and does not show improvement with eyes closed p =.073. The dynamic balance from the Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach Test, Timed Up and Go Test and 10-M Walk Test revealed significant improvement after the balance exercises with p<0.05 Conclusion: It is concluded that proprioception training exercises are effective in improving balance among patients with Diabetic neuropathy. Continuous...

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Balance a few years after total hip replacement

10.21203/rs.2.11747/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Agnieszka Wareńczak ◽

Przemysław Lisiński

Keyword(s):

Total Hip Replacement ◽

Hip Replacement ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Berg Balance Scale ◽

Step Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Total Hip ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Functional Reach Test

Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to conduct a long-term evaluation of whether total hip replacement permanently affects the quality of postural reactions and body balance. Material and methods: The unilateral Total Hip Replacement (THR) group consisted of 30 subjects (mean age: 69.4). The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects (mean age: 68.8). The force platform and functional tests such as Timed Up and Go, 3m walk test, Functional Reach Test, 30s Chair Stand Test, Step Test and Berg Balance Scale were used to assess dynamic balance. Results: Subjects from the study group exhibited significantly increased time (p=0.002) and distance (p=0.012) in the tests performed on the force platform compared to the control group. We also observed worse balance and functional test scores in the THR group: Timed Up and Go test (p<0.001), 3m walk test (p<0.001), Functional Reach Test (p=0.003), 30s Chair Stand Test (p=0.002) and Step Test (operated leg: p<0.001, non-operated leg: p=0.002). The results obtained in the Berg Balance Scale tests were not significantly different between the groups (p=0.597). Conclusions: Our research shows that total hip replacement permanently impairs patients’ dynamic balance and functionality in certain lower-extremity activities. Keywords: balance, total hip replacement, gait, muscle strength

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The improvement on Respiratory Muscle, Trunk Stability, and health status after Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver in COPD Patients

Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation ◽

10.36803/ijpmr.v6i02.156 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Winny W ◽

Siti Chandra Widjanantie ◽

Maryastuti M ◽

Nury Nusdwinuringtyas

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Respiratory Muscle ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Peak Flow Rate ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Trunk Stability ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Functional Reach Test

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients experienced respiratory muscledysfunction, postural instability, and decreasing in health status. Abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) hasbeen studied in many cases of low back pain for lumbar stabilization, moreover this maneuver is also designedto activate the transversus abdominalis (TA) muscle that involved in expiration. But this exercise has not beenconsidered as a respiration exercise in COPD patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether theapplication of ADIM to COPD patients would affect the strength of respiratory muscle, improve core musclestability, and health status of COPD patients.Methods:All clinically stable COPD patients who visited PMR clinic at Persahabatan General Hospital wererecruited in the study. They received exercise interventions 2 times a week for 4 weeks. ADIM as a mainprogram is using pressure transducer (Chattanooga, Australia). Each exercise was held 10 repetitions, 10 setswith 2 minutes rest. Strength of respiratory muscle measured by peak cough flow (PCF) and peak flow rate(PFR). Core muscle stability measured by functional reach test (FRT) and the health status measured with CATscore. The measurements were done before and immediately after intervention.Results: Subjects were 8 patients with mean age 62 years old, consisted of 7 men and 1 woman, with 1 patienteach with COPD grade A, B, and C, and 5 patients with COPD grade D. There were increasing of PCF (268.75± 59.146 L/min to 285.00 ±59.522 L/min; p=0.061), PFR (251.3±96.3 L/min to 286.3±92 L/min; p=0.028),FRT (20.2±3.8 cm to 22±3.9 cm; p=0.011), and decreasing of CAT score (14 ±8.685 to 11.50 ±8.848; p=0.027)after ADIM.Conclusion: There were an improvement in respiratory muscle, trunk stability, and CAT after ADIM, so themaneuver is effective for COPD management.Keywords: Abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD),COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Functional reach test (FRT), Peak cough flow (PCF), Peak flow rate (PFR)

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Effect of mobilization on ankle mobility and balance performance in diabetic patients

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v39i2.199 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 305-309

Author(s):

Albin Jerome ◽

Karthikeyan Jeyabalan ◽

Hoe Kean Keong ◽

Gaurai Gharote

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Conventional Treatment ◽

Plantar Flexion ◽

Joint Mobility ◽

Functional Reach ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Functional Reach Test ◽

Diabetic Population ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Ankle Plantar Flexion

Introduction and Aim: Diabetic Cheiroarthropathy is defined as the condition of restriction joint mobility due to pseudo-sclerodermatous hand, the fibrosis of the elastin connective tissues over the skin. It limits joint mobility especially around Tibia fibular mobility that are interrelated with the flexibility of ankle motion that results in the balance disorder in diabetic population. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the tibia fibular mobilization technique on ankle joint in diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods: 60 diabetic subjects were randomly assigned into experimental group and control, in which experimental group received Tibia fibular mobilization technique and conventional treatment whereas control group received only conventional treatment 1 time a week for 3 weeks. Results: There is no significant difference in Ankle dorsi flexion range of motion in both extremities but there is significant difference in ankle plantar flexion range of motion in both extremities and functional reach test in both extremities. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the ankle plantar flexion range of motion and functional reach test, Hence, mobilization of Tibiofibular joint will be beneficial in improving the ankle range of motion and balance factor in the diabetic population.

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