The “Walking Estimated Limitation Stated by History” (WELSH) visual tool is applicable and accurate to determine walking capacity, even in people with low literacy level

Determination of the self-reported walking capacity by interview or standardized questionnaire is important. However, the existing questionnaires require the patient to be able to read and write in a specific language. We recently proposed the WELSH (Walking Estimated Limitation Stated by History) tool to be administrable to illiterate people. The main objective was to assess the applicability of WELSH tool in the community and in a large group. We performed a prospective study in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso during June 2020. We recruited 630 interviewers among medical students. They were trained to administer the WELSH, and to conduct a 6-minute walk test. We performed a Pearson’s “r” correlation between the WELSH and maximal walking distance (MWD). Of the 1723 participants available for the analysis, 757 (43.9%: 41.6–46.3) never went to school or attended only elementary school. The percentage of questionnaires with participant filling-in errors corrected by the investigator decreased with the decrease in educational level (p<0.001). The average WELSH score was 53 ± 22 and the average MWD was 383 ±142 meters. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the WELSH score and the MWD was r = 0.567 (p<0.001). Correlations ranged from 0.291 to 0.576 in males and females, (all p values < 0.05) and in different levels of education, with the highest coefficients found in illiterate people. The WELSH is feasible on the community by a wide variety of interviewers. It correlates with the MWD estimated by the 6-minutes’ walk test even for people with little or no schooling.

Including exercise self-management as part of inpatient rehabilitation is feasible, safe and effective for patients with cognitive impairment

Objective: To test the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the My Therapy programme for inpatients with mild-moderate cognitive impairment. Design: Observational pilot study. Patients: Rehabilitation inpatients with mild-moderate cognitive impairment. Methods: During their inpatient admission, participants received My Therapy, a programme that can increase the dose of rehabilitation through independent self-practice of exercises, outside of supervised therapy. Outcomes included My Therapy participation, falls, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and 10-m walk test. Outcomes were compared with those of participants without cognitive impairment from the original My Therapy study (n = 116) using χ2 and independent t-tests. Results: Eight participants with mild-moderate cognitive impairment (mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 89.6 years (4.8); 3 women) were included. All participants completed the My Therapy programme on at least one day of their admission, with no associated falls. Participants had an 8.4 s (SD 5.1) reduction in their 10-m walk test and a 21.5 point (SD 11.1) improvement on FIM scores from admission to discharge. There were no significant between-group differences in feasibility, safety or effectiveness for participants with and without cognitive impairment. Conclusion: This pilot study has shown that including exercise self-management as part of inpatient rehabilitation is feasible, safe and effective for patients with cognitive impairment. Lay Abstract This study aimed to determine whether it was practical, safe and effective for patients in a rehabilitation hospital with memory or thinking problems to participate in a programme called My Therapy. My Therapy aimed to increase the dose of rehabilitation through independent self-practice of exercises, outside of supervised therapy sessions. There were 8 participants in the study and all of them reported completing the My Therapy programme on at least one day of their rehabilitation stay. There were no falls relating to My Therapy participation. Participants improved their walking speed and function during their rehabilitation stay. There were no differences in the results between people with and without memory or thinking problems, in terms of practicality, safety or effectiveness. This study has shown that including exercise self-management as part of rehabilitation is practical, safe and effective for patients with memory or thinking problems.

Development Technologies for the Monitoring of Six-Minute Walk Test: A Systematic Review

In the pandemic time, the monitoring of the progression of some diseases is affected and rehabilitation is more complicated. Remote monitoring may help solve this problem using mobile devices that embed low-cost sensors, which can help measure different physical parameters. Many tests can be applied remotely, one of which is the six-minute walk test (6MWT). The 6MWT is a sub-maximal exercise test that assesses aerobic capacity and endurance, allowing early detection of emerging medical conditions with changes. This paper presents a systematic review of the use of sensors to measure the different physical parameters during the performance of 6MWT, focusing on various diseases, sensors, and implemented methodologies. It was performed with the PRISMA methodology, where the search was conducted in different databases, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central. After filtering the papers related to 6MWT and sensors, we selected 31 papers that were analyzed in more detail. Our analysis discovered that the measurements of 6MWT are primarily performed with inertial and magnetic sensors. Likewise, most research studies related to this test focus on multiple sclerosis and pulmonary diseases.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Physical Activity Tracker and Text Messages to Promote Physical Activity During Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (Smart Pace II)

Background We conducted a pilot 2-arm randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of a digital health intervention to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) during chemotherapy. Objective This study aimed to determine whether a digital health physical activity intervention is feasible and acceptable during chemotherapy for CRC. Methods Potentially eligible patients with CRC expected to receive at least 12 weeks of chemotherapy were identified in person at the University of California, San Francisco, and on the web through advertising. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to a 12-week intervention (Fitbit Flex, automated SMS text messages) versus usual care. At 0 and 12 weeks, patients wore an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days and completed surveys, body size measurements, and an optional 6-minute walk test. Participants could not be masked to their intervention arm, but people assessing the body size and 6-minute walk test outcomes were masked. The primary outcomes were adherence (eg, Fitbit wear and text response rate) and self-assessed acceptability of the intervention. The intervention would be considered feasible if we observed at least 80% complete follow-up and 70% adherence and satisfaction, a priori. Results From 2018 to 2020, we screened 240 patients; 53.3% (128/240) of patients were ineligible and 26.7% (64/240) declined to participate. A total of 44 patients (44/240, 18%) were randomized to the intervention (n=22) or control (n=22) groups. Of these, 57% (25/44) were women; 68% (30/44) identified as White and 25% (11/44) identified as Asian American or Pacific Islander; and 77% (34/44) had a 4-year college degree. The median age at enrollment was 54 years (IQR 45-62 years). Follow-up at 12 weeks was 91% (40/44) complete. In the intervention arm, patients wore Fitbit devices on a median of 67 out of 84 (80%) study days and responded to a median of 17 out of 27 (63%) questions sent via SMS text message. Among 19 out of 22 (86%) intervention patients who completed the feedback survey, 89% (17/19) were satisfied with the Fitbit device; 63% (12/19) were satisfied with the SMS text messages; 68% (13/19) said the SMS text messages motivated them to exercise; 74% (14/19) said the frequency of SMS text messages (1-3 days) was ideal; and 79% (15/19) said that receiving SMS text messages in the morning and evening was ideal. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that many people receiving chemotherapy for CRC are interested in participating in digital health physical activity interventions. Fitbit adherence was high; however, participants indicated a desire for more tailored SMS text message content. Studies with more socioeconomically diverse patients with CRC are required. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03524716; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03524716

Comparison between 20 and 30 meters in walkway length affecting the 6-minute walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized crossover study

Background A 30-m walkway length for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is the standard recommendation established by the American Thoracic Society to assess patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to compare between the distances of 20 and 30 m long corridor affecting 6MWT in COPD patients. Methods A randomized crossover study was conducted with patients. COPD patients were randomized 1:1 to either a 20-m or a 30-m walkway in the first test, then switched to the other in the second test. Physiologic parameters and 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) were recorded. Results Fifty subjects (92% men) were included: age 69.1±7.4 years, body mass index 22.9±5.5 kg/m2, FEV1 63.0±21.3%, and 50% having cardiovascular disease. The 6MWD in a 20-m and a 30-m walkway were 337.82±71.80 m and 359.85±77.25 m, respectively (P<0.001). Mean distance difference was 22.03 m (95% CI -28.29 to -15.76, P<0.001). Patients with a 20-m walkway had more turns than those with a 30-m walkway (mean difference of 4.88 turns, 95% CI 4.48 to 5.28, P<0.001). Also, higher systolic blood pressure was found in patients with a 20-m walkway after 6MWT (4.62 mmHg, P = 0.019). Other parameters and Borg dyspnea scale did not differ. Conclusions The walkway length had significant effect on walking distance in COPD patients. A 30-m walkway length should still be recommended in 6MWT for COPD assessment. Clinical trial registration Clinicaltrials.in.th number: TCTR20200206003.

Effect of Ankle Kinesio Taping on Dynamic Balance in Stroke Patients- A Pilot Study

Background: Stroke causes partial brain loss, which leads to a functional abnormality of the brain, which produces a variety of symptoms the most prevalent of which is balance affection. Kinesio tape is a thin, light and elastic material which does not immobilize the joint and allows for free movement irrespective of the tape. It serves to facilitate or inhibit the muscle as needed and provides joint stability which will help improve balance function. It is also used to reduce pain, which is a typical complaint in stroke patients. Objective: To assess for immediate and post effects of kinesio tape in stroke patients using Berg Balance Scale and 10 Meter walk test. Method: A total of 15 participants were chosen based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Before application of kinesio tape, the Berg balance scale and a 10-meter walk test were performed and recorded. Following the application, the subjects were reassessed, and the outcomes of the 5-day follow-up were recorded. These scores were statistically analyzed. Result: The statistical analysis showed that there is a significant increase in the dynamic balance function post kinesio tape application. An average increase of 5 scores in BBS was noted and average improvement of 5.70 seconds in 10MWT. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a significant improvement on dynamic balance after application of kinesio tape in stroke patients. Key words: Stroke, kinesio tape, dynamic balance.

Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An Exploratory Study

After spinal cord injury (SCI) physical activity levels decrease drastically, leading to numerous secondary health complications. Exoskeleton-assisted walking (EAW) may be one way to improve physical activity for adults with SCI and potentially alleviate secondary health complications. The effects of EAW may be limited, however, since exoskeletons induce passive movement for users who cannot volitionally contribute to walking. Trans-spinal stimulation (TSS) has shown the potential to enable those with even the most severe SCI to actively contribute to movements during EAW. To explore the effects of EAW training on improving secondary health complications in persons with SCI, participants with chronic (n = 8) were enrolled in an EAW program 2–3 times per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics (seated and supine waist and abdominal circumferences (WC and AC), body composition assessment (dual exposure x-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat percent, lean mass and total mass for the total body, legs, and trunk), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 during a 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) were assessed before and after 12 weeks of EAW training. A subset of participants (n = 3) completed EAW training with concurrent TSS, and neuromuscular activity of locomotor muscles was assessed during a 10-m walk test (10MWT) with and without TSS following 12 weeks of EAW training. Upon completion of 12 weeks of training, reductions from baseline (BL) were found in seated WC (−2.2%, P = 0.036), seated AC (−2.9%, P = 0.05), and supine AC (−3.9%, P = 0.017). Percent fat was also reduced from BL for the total body (−1.4%, P = 0.018), leg (−1.3%, P = 0.018), and trunk (−2%, P = 0.036) regions. No effects were found for peak VO2. The addition of TSS for three individuals yielded individualized responses but generally increased knee extensor activity during EAW. Two of three participants who received TSS were also able to initiate more steps without additional assistance from the exoskeleton during a 10MWT. In summary, 12 weeks of EAW training significantly attenuated markers of obesity relevant to cardiometabolic health in eight men with chronic SCI. Changes in VO2 and neuromuscular activity with vs. without TSS were highly individualized and yielded no overall group effects.

Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation to Promote Recovery in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: To evaluate the impact of using transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TSCSTSCS) on upper and lower extremity function in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).Design: Prospective case series.Setting: SCI specific rehabilitation hospital.Participants: A convenience sample (N = 7) of individuals with tetraplegia who had previously been discharged from outpatient therapy due to a plateau in progress.Interventions: Individuals participated in 60 min of upper extremity (UE) functional task-specific practice (FTP) in combination with TSCS and 60 min of locomotor training in combination with TSCS 5x/week.Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome for this analysis was the Capabilities of Upper Extremity Test (CUE-T). Secondary outcomes include UE motor score (UEMS), LE motor score (LEMS), sensation (light touch and pin prick), Nine-Hole Peg Test, 10 meter walk test, 6 min walk test, and 5 min stand test.Results: Seven individuals (four motor complete; three motor incomplete) completed 20–80 sessions UE and LE training augmented with TSCS and without any serious adverse events. Improvements were reported on the CUE-T in all seven individuals. Two individuals improved their ASIA impairment scale (AIS) classification (B to C; C to D) and two individuals improved their neurologic level of injury by one level (C4–C5; C5–C6). Sensation improved in five individuals and all four who started out with motor complete SCIs were able to voluntarily activate their LEs on command in the presence of stimulation.Conclusion: Individuals with chronic SCI who had previously demonstrated a plateau in function after an intensive outpatient therapy program were able to improve in a variety of UE and LE outcomes in response to TSCS without any adverse events. This was a small pilot study and future fully powered studies with comparative interventions need to be completed to assess efficacy.