scholarly journals Towards a pro-poor development strategy for middle-income countries: a comment on Bresser-Pereira and Nakano

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFREDO SAAD FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
International Debt ◽  
Middle Income Countries

ABSTRACT This paper draws upon Bresser-Pereira and Nakano (2003), in order to outline a pro-poor growth strategy for middle-income countries. This strategy avoids the pitfalls of the neoliberal model implemented in several countries in the aftermath of the 1982 international debt crisis, and is conducive to income distribution and sustainable growth simultaneously.

National Development Finance in Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Stephany Griffith-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Development ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Privately Financed ◽  
Combat Climate Change

This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through their own lending, and by catalyzing private finance. For NDBs to contribute significantly to avoiding a middle-income trap, there are several conditions: they must be “good,” well-run development banks, their scale must be sufficiently large to help meet investment needs on a significant scale, and there must be a clear national development strategy, for NDBs to implement. This chapter stresses NDBs contribution to financing investment in innovative sectors and infrastructure. This is complementary to supporting provision of public goods, particularly investments that help combat climate change and financial inclusion. NDBs should provide counter-cyclical financing in the busts, when privately-financed investment tends to decline and NDB lending increases to help maintain crucial investment, and in booms, when lending by NDBs should slow down.

Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Inequality: Evidence from a Group of Middle-Income Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsi Huang ◽  
Kai-Fang Teng ◽  
Pan-Long Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Latin American Countries

Using panel data of a group of 39 middle-income countries over 1981–2006, this paper examines how globalization in general and inward and outward FDI in particular affects inequality. Depending on geographical region and economic system, each component of globalization affects inequality in three groups of countries in different ways: open to inward FDI tends to affect income distribution adversely in transition economies and Latin American countries, but marginally improves income distribution in countries of the reference group. In contrast, open to outward FDI is positively associated with inequality in the reference group whereas negatively associated with that of the other two groups of countries. Crucially, improvement in human capital appears to be the single most reliable way to reduce inequality.

scholarly journals Mass Poverty in Pakistan: Some Preliminary Findings

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Naseem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Conference ◽  
Political Demand ◽  
Future Growth

The disillusionment of many developing countries with past policies which paid exclusive attention to the rate of growth has, in recent years, led to a some¬what belated interest in the problems of unemployment, income distribution and mass poverty. Pakistan/perhaps, has the unique, if dubious, distinction of being one of the first developing countries both to adopt and, later, to reject growthmanship as a national creed.1 Although serious doubts about the assumptions and implications of the official strategy of economic growth in Pakistan began to be expressed in 1968, the issues were clouded by the political demand for the autonomy, and later the separation of the eastern wing of the country. At the recent Pakistan Economic Conference, held in February 1973, some of the basic issues of Pakistan's development strategy were discussed hi detail in various papers [1], [7], [14], [25]. The focus of these papers was on income distribution and employment and their implications for the future growth strategy. The present author in his paper [14] at the Conference, presented some tentative estimates of mass poverty and unemployment in West Pakistan. The present paper is designed to give more systematic estimates of the extent of mass poverty in Pakistan.

Linkages between Financial Development and Economic Growth in the Middle-Income Countries of South Asia: A Panel Data Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
Pradeep Kautish
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The present study intends to investigate the impact of financial sector development on GDP growth in the four middle-income countries of South Asia over the period of 1990–2016. Using pooled mean group (PMG) estimation, this study tries to examine whether in these developing countries, GDP growth has been influenced by size of market capitalization and size of market turnover in the long run which are used as proxy for stock market development. Similarly, domestic credit to private sector is used as proxy for banking sector development while assessing its long-run impact on GDP growth. Furthermore, by incorporating a dummy variable for the global financial crisis (2007–2008), this study investigates whether these economies are vulnerable to external shocks or not. The outcomes of this study find that relatively, the impact of banking sector on GDP growth has remained low in the region. Nevertheless, the development in both sectors has positively influenced economic growth in the long run. The outcomes of this study suggest that both, i.e. stock market and banking sector, are vital determinants of long-run economic growth in the South Asian countries. Therefore, to achieve the sustainable growth, policymakers need to adopt the global approach which can be ensured by improving the quality and scope of financial services in these countries.

India Stimulating Growth in Bay of Bengal Region: Integrating Key Interests and Strengthening Innovation Capacity

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 102-128
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar Kaul ◽  
Tuhina Roy Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovation Capacity

The Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (BoBAS) rim countries comprising of India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore is a group that has the potential to emerge as one of the fastest growing regions in Asia and the world. These countries are tied together with a multitude of factors such as history, culture, demographics and technological development. This article seeks to evaluate if these countries can complement each other’s growth strategy and the role that India can play to stimulate growth in this region. The article can broadly be divided into two parts: the first part discusses the evolution of development strategy and regional economic integration while the second part analyses the role that India can play in guiding the growth across these countries and the various key initiatives taken up by India in recent past to foster high and sustainable growth.

scholarly journals Management of undernutrition and failure to thrive in children with congenital heart disease in low- and middle-income countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (S6) ◽  
pp. S22-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Argent ◽  
Rakhi Balachandran ◽  
Balu Vaidyanathan ◽  
Amina Khan ◽  
R. Krishna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Support ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractPoor growth with underweight for age, decreased length/height for age, and underweight-for-height are all relatively common in children with CHD. The underlying causes of this failure to thrive may be multifactorial, including innate growth potential, severity of cardiac disease, increased energy requirements, decreased nutritional intake, malabsorption, and poor utilisation of absorbed nutrition. These factors are particularly common and severe in low- and middle-income countries.Although nutrition should be carefully assessed in all patients, failure of growth is not a contraindication to surgical repair, and patients should receive surgical repair where indicated as soon as possible.Close attention should be paid to nutritional support – primarily enteral feeding, with particular use of breast milk in infancy – in the perioperative period and in the paediatric ICU. This nutritional support requires specific attention and allocation of resources, including appropriately skilled personnel.Thereafter, it is essential to monitor growth and development and to identify causes for failure to catch-up or grow appropriately.

scholarly journals Bangladesh 2000-2017: Sustainable Growth, Technology and the Irrelevance of Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Growth Technology

This paper focuses on the case of Bangladesh as an example of a country that is at risk of falling into the ‘middle income trap’, in other words the risk that a country that has attained middle income levels will then be unable to join the club of developed countries. This paper uses the theory of Unequal Exchange from the Dependency School to understand the middle income trap in Bangladesh and further argues that the ideas of productivity, competitiveness and technological change derived from orthodox economic thinking are not useful in understanding growth prospects and policy responses in contemporary middle income countries. Alternately, the paper explains the role of structural change as a means of sustaining growth in middle income countries.

Deindustrialization and Unsustainable Debt in Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Puerto Rico

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Caraballo-Cueto ◽  
Juan Lara
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Puerto Rico recently became the largest bankruptcy case in the history of the U.S. municipal bond market. This debt crisis has not been the subject of significant scrutiny in the economic literature, though many researchers focus on case studies, such as Greece and Argentina, to analyze a country’s indebtedness. The underlying economic factors that influence unsustainable debt in upper middle-income countries are generally understudied. We attempted to contribute to filling these gaps in the related literature. Using econometric analysis, we found that Puerto Rico’s government indebtedness is, to a large extent, connected to a sharp decrease in manufacturing employment (i.e. deindustrialization) suffered by this economy, and weak evidence that it was caused by an excessive government payroll or overgenerous federal programs. In light of our empirical results, we discussed how the consequences of deindustrialization ultimately led to increase government borrowing.

scholarly journals Perioperative infections in congenital heart disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (S6) ◽  
pp. S14-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah K. Murni ◽  
Graeme MacLaren ◽  
Debra Morrow ◽  
Parvathi Iyer ◽  
Trevor Duke
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiac Failure ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Delayed Presentation ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundPerioperative infections have significant consequences for children with congenital heart disease (CHD), which can manifest as acute or chronic infection followed by poor growth and progressive cardiac failure. The consequences include delayed or higher-risk surgery, and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality.MethodsA systematic search for studies evaluating the burden and interventions to reduce perioperative infections in children with CHD was undertaken using PubMed.ResultsLimited studies conducted in low- to middle-income countries demonstrated the large burden of perioperative infections among children with CHD. Most studies focussed on infections after surgery. Few studies evaluated strategies to prevent preoperative infection or the impact of infection on decision-making around the timing of surgery. Children with CHD have multiple risk factors for infections including delayed presentation, inadequate treatment of cardiac failure, and poor nutrition.ConclusionsThe burden of perioperative infections is high among children with CHD, and studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to reduce these infections are lacking. As good nutrition, early corrective surgery, and measures to reduce nosocomial infection are likely to play a role, practical steps can be taken to make surgery safer.

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