scholarly journals Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Enterococcus faecalis from Root Canals: An Ex Vivo Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru ◽  
Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade ◽  
Norberto Batista de Faria-Júnior ◽  
Evandro Watanabe ◽  
Mário Tanomaru-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canal System

<p>Endodontic irrigation aims to clean and disinfect the root canal system. Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is based on the use of an ultrasound-activated instrument into the root canal filled with irrigant. The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the effectiveness of PUI in eliminating <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> from root canals. Seventy-five extracted human single-root teeth were used. After root canal preparation, specimens were inoculated with <italic>E. faecalis</italic> and incubated at 37 °C for 21 days. Specimens were distributed into five groups (n=15), according to the irrigation method: PUI + saline solution (PUI/SS); PUI + 1% NaOCl (PUI/NaOCl); conventional needle irrigation (CNI) + saline solution (CNI/SS); CNI + 1% NaOCl (CNI/NaOCl); No irrigation (control). Microbiological samples were collected at three time points: initial (21 days after inoculation), post-irrigation (immediately after irrigation), and final (7 days after irrigation). Data were obtained in CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> and subjected to analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance level. The post-irrigation samples did not demonstrate statistical difference between PUI/SS and CNI/SS nor between PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl (p>0.05), but PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl had lower CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> number than the other groups (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference was observed between the initial and post-irrigation samples and between the post-irrigation and final samples (p<0.05) in all groups, except in the control. The final samples of all groups presented bacterial counts similar to the initial samples. PUI or CNI with 1% NaOCl contribute to disinfection, but are unable to eradicate <italic>E. faecalis</italic> from the root canal system.</p>

scholarly journals Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molars: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gomez ◽  
Gisbeli Brea ◽  
Jose Francisco Gomez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Canal System

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical variations of the root canal system of mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods 190 mandibular second molars cone-beam computed tomography images were reviewed. The evaluation was performed by a radiologist with endodontic experience and two endodontists trained with CBCT technology. Tooth position, number of root and root canals, C-shaped root canal system configuration, presence of extra root (radix), and radicular grooves were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using The Chi-square test (α = 0,05) to determine any significant difference between gender and the total number of root and root canals, and any significant difference between gender and root canal anatomical variation. Results Overall, 85.5% showed two separated roots, 12.1% a single root, 2.6% three roots or radix. 87.7% showed three root canals, 12.1% two root canals, 2.6% four root canals, and 1.6% a single root canal. 10% showed a single foramen, 75.3% two foramina, 13.6% three foramina and 1% showed four foramina.19.5% showed C-shaped anatomical variation, 51.4% in male patients, 48.6% in female patients. According to Fan classification: C1 13.6% in cervical third, C2 10% in the middle third, C3 17.3% in middle third, 15.5% in apical third, and C4 12.7% in the apical third. Root canals number in these samples were 5.4% a single canal, 21.6% two canals, 70.3% three canals, and 2.7% four canals. The root showed 46% with one foramen, 46% two foramina, and 8% three foramina. Radicular grooves 83.3% were found in the lingual area and 16.2% towards the buccal area. Conclusions The most prevalent anatomic presentation of the evaluated sample was a mandibular second molars with two roots, three root canals, and two apical foramina. Their variation was C-shaped root canals and Radix Paramolaris.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Vinisha Pandey ◽  
Harsh Priyank ◽  
Abhishek Bagul ◽  
Kishore Kumar Majety ◽  
Parul Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction Endodontic treatment removes all pathogens, such as Enterococcus faecalis from pulp and root canals. The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in removing E. faecalis from the root canal used with three different irrigation methods. Materials and methods This study was conducted on freshly extracted maxillary incisors. After biomechanical preparation, root canals were injected with E. faecalis. Three groups were made which contained 30 teeth in each group; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation followed by agitation with K-files in group I; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation and ultrasonic agitation was done in group II. In group III, an alternate irrigation with NaOCl and 3% hydrogen peroxide was done. The fourth group (control) was irrigated with sterile saline solution. E. faecalis bacteria were sampled to the root canals with paper points and were transferred to tubes that contained 5 mL of brain heart infusion broth. Tubes were incubated and the presence of broth turbidity was suggestive of bacteria remaining in the root canal. Results All three groups showed no statistically significant difference. However, difference existed between experimental groups and control groups. Conclusion The author concluded that all three methods of application of NaOCl were effective in disinfecting the root canal than the saline solution. Clinical significance No single irrigant has 100% efficiency. Thus by this study, a best irrigating solution with maximum properties can be established. How to cite this article Priyank H, Pandey V, Bagul A, Majety KK, Verma P, Choudhury BK. Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):214-217.

scholarly journals Apically Extruded Debris Using Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation Associated with Different Root Canal Irrigants

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Arruda-Vasconcelos ◽  
Marlos Barbosa-Ribeiro ◽  
Lidiane Mendes Louzada ◽  
Giovanna Dornelas Mantovani ◽  
Brenda PFA Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Root Canal Irrigants ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gel ◽  
Chlorhexidine Solution

Abstract The present study evaluated the amount of apically extruded debris after chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using four different root canal irrigants, namely, 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gel + saline solution (2% CHXg+SS), 2% chlorhexidine solution (2% CHXs) and SS alone. Sixty mandibular premolars with single straight root canals were selected and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=15) according to the root canal irrigant used as follows: G1 (PUI + NaOCl), G2 (PUI + CHXg+SS), G3 (PUI+CHXs) and G4 (PUI+SS). Reciproc® R25 files (25/.08) were used during CMP and the debris extruded from each tooth were collected in pre-weighted Eppendorf tubes and dried. The average weight of debris was assessed by using an analytical microbalance. Data were statistically analysed by using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test (a=0.05). Debris extrusion was observed in all groups, irrespective of the root canal irrigating, with 2% CHXg + SS being associated with lower debris extrusion compared to other irrigants (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between 6% NaOCl, 2% CHXs and SS. In conclusion, passive ultrasonic irrigation did not completely prevent apically extrusion of debris. PUI performed with 2% chlorhexidine gel + saline solution significantly minimized debris extrusion compared to 6% sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine solution and saline solution.

scholarly journals Cleaning of Root Canal System by Different Irrigation Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 859-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato de Toledo Leonardo ◽  
Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade ◽  
Mario Tanomaru-Filho ◽  
Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru ◽  
Lucas Martinati Miano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canal System ◽  
Contrast Solution

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to compare the cleaning of main and lateral canals using the irrigation methods: negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and manual irrigation (MI). Materials and methods Resin teeth were used. After root canal preparation, four lateral canals were made at 2 and 7 mm from the apex. Root canals were filled with contrast solution and radiographed pre- and post-irrigation using digital radiographic system [radiovisiography (RVG)]. The irrigation protocols were: MI1—manual irrigation [22 G needle at 5 mm short of working length-WL]; MI2—manual irrigation (30G needle at 2 mm short of WL); PUI; EV1—EndoVac (microcannula at 1 mm short of WL); EV2—Endovac (microcannula at 3 mm short of WL). The obtained images, initial (filled with contrast solution) and final (after irrigation) were analyzed by using image tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (5% significance level). Results EV1 and EV2, followed by PUI showed better cleaning capacity than manual irrigation (MI1 and MI2) (p < 0.05). Conclusion Negative pressure irrigation and PUI promoted better cleaning of main and simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance Conventional manual irrigation technique may promote less root canal cleaning in the apical third. For this reason, the search for other irrigation protocols is important, and EndoVac and PUI are alternatives to contribute to irrigation effectiveness. How to cite this article Tanomaru-Filho M, Miano LM, Chávez-Andrade GM, Torres FFE, de Toledo RL, Guerreir-Tanomaru JM. Cleaning of Root Canal System by Different Irrigation Methods. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(11):859-863.

scholarly journals Ex-vivo Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Two Activated Irrigation Techniques After Reciprocating Instrumentation in Curved Canals

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Costa Lopes Schiavotelo ◽  
Marcelo Santos Coelho ◽  
Luis Cardoso Rasquin ◽  
Daniel Guimarães Pedro Rocha ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Smear Layer ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Maxillary Molars ◽  
Single File ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two activated irrigation techniques in removing the smear layer after single-file reciprocating instrumentation in curved canals. Materials and Methods: Sixty distobuccal roots of maxillary molars were standardized to create a closed system, and then instrumented using WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instruments. Fifty-four specimens were randomly distributed into 3 groups for final irrigation: Non-activated irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and EndoActivator (EA;Dentsply Maillefer, Tulsa, USA) irrigation. All specimens received 3 mL of 17% EDTA for 1 minute, followed by irrigation with 6 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. The apical, middle and cervical thirds of the specimens were analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and the amount of remaining smear layer on the canal walls was rated by three examiners using a five-category scoring system. Kendall’s concordance coefficient was used to assess inter-rater agreement. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (Bonferroni) tests were used to compare the scores. Results: Kendall’s concordance coefficient was ≥ 0.7, indicating an excellent level of agreement between the raters. No statistically significant difference in irrigation techniques efficacy for removal of the smear layer (p=0.061) was found for the apical third. The scores attributed to the specimens irrigated with the EA system were significantly lower than those of the other groups in the cervical and middle thirds (p< 0.05). Conclusions: The efficacy of the EA system in removing the smear layer in the cervical and middle thirds of root canals instrumented with reciprocating motion was significantly higher than that of either PUI or non-activated irrigation. Both EA and PUI performed similarly in apical third.

scholarly journals Effect of biomechanical preparation and calcium hydroxide pastes on the antisepsis of root canal systems in dogs

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janir Alves Soares ◽  
Mario Roberto Leonardo ◽  
Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva ◽  
Mário Tanomaru Filho ◽  
Izabel Yoko Ito
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Canal Systems ◽  
Root Canal System ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Level Of Significance

In the endodontic treatment of root canals with necrotic pulps associated with periapical radiolucent areas, one of the main objectives of treatment consists in eliminating the microorganisms spread throughout the ramifications of the root canal system. The scope of this study was to evaluate the antiseptic efficacy of biomechanical preparation and two calcium hydroxide-based pastes, in dogs' teeth with experimentally induced chronic periapical lesions. After initial microbiological sampling, instrumentation of the root canals was undertaken using the conventional technique, using K type files used in conjunction with a solution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. After ninety-six hours, further microbiological sampling was undertaken and Calen/CPMC or Calasept pastes were applied for 15 and 30 days. Ninety six hours after the removal of the medication, the third microbiological sampling was undertaken and finally histomicrobiological analysis followed using Brown & Brenn staining. The results were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, with a level of significance established at 5% (p<0.05). It was shown that the biomechanical preparation significantly reduced the number of colony forming units of microorganisms in root canals. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the antiseptic action of long-term dressings over two periods of action, although 30 days produced a greater reduction in the quantity of microorganisms and of positive microbiological cultures. In histological sections of the four experimental groups, similar microbiological patterns were shown (p>0.05), characterized by an elevated incidence of cocci, bacilli and filaments, predominantly gram-positive, in root canals, secondary canals and accessories, apical cementoplasts and dentinal tubules, but with a low incidence of microorganisms in areas of cementum resorption and the periapical lesion. The biomechanical preparation and intracanal dressing based on calcium hydroxide were important in the antisepsis of the root canal; however, both procedures did not produce significant changes in the microbiological aspects of the root canal system.

scholarly journals In vitro Assessment of Calcium Hydroxide Removal from Endo Blocks by Simple Irrigation with NaOCl and the Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-124
Author(s):  
Alexandru Vlasa ◽  
Carmen Biris ◽  
Luminita Lazar ◽  
Anamaria Bud ◽  
Eugen Bud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Incomplete Removal ◽  
Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽  
Root Canal System ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide Removal

Because endodontic pathology is caused due to bacterial contamination of the root canal system, endodontic treatment should focus on eliminating microorganisms in root canals. For more than 70 years Calcium Hydroxide has an important role in antimicrobial endodontic therapy. The use of calcium hydroxide is limited by the incomplete removal thereof, a residue covering 20% to 45% of the ductal wall, even after irrigation with NaOCl or EDTA. This study aims to evaluate the removal of calcium hydroxide in root canals using two different techniques.

scholarly journals Accuracy of CBCT as modality to identify the presence of secondary mesiobuccal root canal in the maxillary first molar

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haikal Halil ◽  
Mazlifa Mahidin ◽  
Nik Nur Farahiyah ◽  
Khairul Bariah Chi Adam
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Canal System

Introduction: Successful endodontic treatment requires the clinician to be able to locate, disinfect, and obturate all canals presence in the root canal system to remove the infection and prevent re-infection. However, some canals, such as secondary mesiobuccal (MB) root canal often missed upon examination and the treatment. The success of locating these canals is determined by the methods used, a periapical radiograph and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The purpose of this study was to examine the sensitivity and accuracy of the periapical radiograph (PA) and CBCT on determining the presence of the secondary MB root canal. Methods: As much as 40 intact crown and intact radicular of the maxillary first molars, without root caries, root restoration, and endodontic treated, were taken as the samples. The presence of a secondary MB root canal was evaluated by a PA radiograph, CBCT, and clinical sectioning. Samples were undergone each test and sectioned after being completed the radiographic evaluation steps. Results: CBCT radiograph was successfully identifying 62.5% secondary MB root canal presence, whilst the PA radiograph has detected only 20% of the samples. The sensitivity of CBCT and PA radiograph was compared with the gold standard method, resulting 86.2 and 27.6% respectively. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between CBCT test and the gold standard (p=0.00). Conclusion: CBCT was proven to be a reliable method to detect the presence of secondary MB root canals due to its accuracy as high as the clinical sectioning compared to the PA radiograph.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite, the Diode Laser and Saline in Reducing the Microbial Count in Primary Teeth Root Canals – An In Vivo Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhi Walia ◽  
Mousumi Goswami ◽  
Shivesh Mishra ◽  
Nidhi Walia ◽  
Divya Sahay
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Diode Laser ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Canal System

Introduction: One of the primary goals of pulpectomy is to decrease the sum total of microorganisms and disinfect the tooth root canal system. To achieve this, mechanical preparation, irrigation, disinfection and obturation of the root canal is necessary. The present study was set out to evaluate the difference in the antibacterial efficacy of primary teeth root canals either irrigated with chlorhexidine, saline, and sodium hypochlorite or irradiated with a soft tissue diode laser (980 nm, Photon Plus, Zolar Tech & Mfg Co. Inc, Ontario, Canada). Methods: Sixty primary teeth of children requiring pulpectomy were divided into 4 groups of 15 each, group 1 (2% chlorhexidine), group 2 (1% sodium hypochlorite), group 3 (laser irradiation) and group 4 (saline). Pulp tissue was extirpated from the canals and the samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points. After cleaning and shaping, the root canals of the teeth in each group were irrigated using sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and saline or were irradiated with the laser. The samples were obtained again and sent for microbiological examination. Results: The colony-forming unit (CFU) counts from pre-disinfection sample served as a baseline for comparisons throughout the study. The mean bacterial colony counts of all the isolated bacteria reduced after irrigation or irradiation. Intergroup comparisons showed no significant difference when groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared to each other (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was seen when groups 1, 2, 3 were compared to group 4 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Two percent chlorhexidine, 1% sodium hypochlorite and laser irradiation succeeded in reducing the root canal infection. Hence, diode laser irradiation may be a possible supplement to existing protocols for disinfecting the root canal system.

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