Effect of exposure to etidronic acid on the bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements after 1 and 21 days: an in vitro study

Background After reparation of root perforations with calcium silicate-based cements (CSBC), the surface of the material is expected to be exposed to root canal irrigants (RCI) while resuming the root canal treatment. Methods The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exposure to a mixture of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etidronic acid (HEBP) or other irrigants on the Push Out Bond Strength (POBS) of CSBC after two different setting times. 240 root slices 1 mm thick were obtained from single-rooted human teeth. A 1.4 mm diameter perforation was performed on each slice and filled with Biodentine (BD) or ProRoot MTA (PMTA). After 1 or 21 days they were exposed to 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 5.25% NaOCl, a mixture of 5.25% NaOCl and 9% HEBP (NaOCl + HEBP) or saline (n = 15) and submitted to a push-out test. POBS results were analysed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results BD showed higher POBS than PMTA after 1 day (p < .05). After 21 days no differences were found between materials. After 1 day exposure to NaOCl + HEBP resulted in higher POBS, compared to the other irrigants (p < .05). Conclusion POBS results are influenced by the cement, the setting time and the exposure to irrigants.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Root Canal Irrigants and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An In-vitro Study

Nigella sativa (kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a nutritional supplement and for treating various infections and chronic ailments. As pathogens become resistant to most drugs, kalonji can be used as an alternative compound in modern medicines. The use of herbal extracts as endodontic irrigants might be beneficial as a part of a growing trend to seek natural remedies for dental treatment. Aim: To compare the antibacterial potency of Aqueous Nigella sativa extract, Aqueous Neem leaf extract, and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Test solutions were tested against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) to check for their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by double dilution method and Kill time to measure their antimicrobial potency to be used as an intracanal irrigant. Results: The study's limitations show that Aqueous Nigella sativa extract has a better antimicrobial effect than Aqueous Neem leaf extract and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite solution against E. faecalis.

Biofilm: An emergent form of bacterial life-a review

Biofilm formation is a method for bacteria to adapt for its survival, to put it another way, it act as a shield and prevents bacterial eradication. Microbial biofilms are one of the major reasons for progession of periradicular pathology. The article aims to concise and stratify the literature about, various factors that leads to biofilm formation their adaptation mechanisms, biofilms role in progression of peri-radicular infections, models developed to create biofilms, observation techniques of endodontic biofilms, and the effects of root canal irrigants and medicaments as well as lasers on endodontic biofilms.

The influence of different root canal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of AH plus and Bioceramic sealers

Background: The bond strength of endodontic sealers with dentin is a very important property for maintaining the integrity and seal of the root canal filling. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of various irrigants (QMix, 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl) on the push-out bond strength of AH plus and Bioceramic sealers. Materials and methods: Forty eight freshly extracted maxillary first molars human teeth with striaght palatal root were used in the study. The collected samples were randomly divided into three groups of equal sample size (n=16), according to the final irrigation regimen as follows: Group (1): QMix 2 in 1, Group (2): 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group (3): 2.5% sodium hypochloride. All samples were instrumented using Edge file X7 rotary instrument reaching file size 40/.04 as the final master apical file. After that each group was randomly divided into two subgroups (n=8) according to the type of sealer used: AH Plus and Total Fill BC Sealer. Obturation was conducted using single cone technique with gutta percha (GP) to all experimental roots. Two-millimeter thick slices were obtained from the middle section of the root. Bond strength of sealers was measured via a universal testing machine by using stainless steel plunger. Then, the data were statistically evaluated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test (Bonferroni’s test). Results: The push-out bond strength was significantly increased by the “irrigant” factor (P≤0.05) and by “sealer/irrigation solution” interaction (P≤0.05). Final rinse with QMix solution with BC sealer showed the highest mean value of bond strength (5.976 MPa), with a significant difference with other groups (P≤0.05), while NaOCl with AH Plus sealer showed the lowest mean value of bond strength (3.811 MPa). Conclusion: Final irrigation of the root canals with different irrigants improved the endodontic sealer's bond strength, and QMix had a positive influence on the adhesion of BC sealer.

Effect of Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hypochlorite as Root Canal Irrigants on Push-Out Bond Strength of Fiber Post Cemented with Etch-and-Rinse Resin Cement: An In Vitro Study

Objectives: Calcium hypochlorite (CH) has been recently used as a root canal irrigant. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of CH and sodium hypochlorite (SH), as root canal irrigants, on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts cemented with an etch-and-rinse resin cement. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, 40 human anterior teeth with similar root lengths were randomly divided into five groups (N=8) according to the protocol of root canal irrigation as follows: group 1: saline (control); group 2: 2.5% SH; group 3: 5.25% SH; group 4: 2.5% CH; group 5: 5% CH. Before post placement, the post space was irrigated using the same irrigation protocol, and after that, they were irrigated by distilled water. Fiber posts were cemented with All-Bond 3 bonding and Dou-Link Universal cement. After thermocycling (1000 cycles, 5- 55°C), a push-out test was performed, and data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test with SPSS version 23 (α=0.05). Results: The highest and lowest mean bond strengths were detected in groups 2 and 5, respectively. There was no significant difference between group 1 and the SH groups (P>0.05), but the difference between group 1 and the CH groups was significant (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between SH groups and CH groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Compared to SH, as a root canal irrigant, CH decreased the push-out bond strength of fiber posts cemented with an etch-and-rinse resin cement.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Octenidine Dihydrochloride and Artemisia Annua Plant Extract as Root Canal Irrigants – An In Vivo Study

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two root canal irrigantsOctenidine dihydrochloride and herbal Artemisia annua plant extract. Methods: Forty-two maxillary central incisors teeth were selected which were divided into four groups – group A (Octenidine dihydrochloride with saline), group B (only Octenidine dihydrochloride), group C (Artemisia annua with saline), group D (only Artemisia annua). Samples for microbiological culturing were collected after access preparation, after biomechanical preparation, and after final irrigation in each group with the help of paper points. CFU count was observed for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The results were collected and subjected to a Student t-test. Results: After statistical analysis, it was observed that bacterial reduction was seen in all the groups but the maximum reduction was observed in group A. Conclusion: The results of the present study imply that a highly significant reduction in CFU/ml count was found in subgroup A1. Therefore, within the limitations of the present in-vivo study, Octenidine dihydrochloride can be recommended as an effective root canal irrigant than Artemisia annua plant extract.