scholarly journals Clostridium perfringens: a review of the disease in pigs, horses and broiler chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva ◽  
Carlos Augusto Oliveira Junior ◽  
Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes ◽  
Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Enteric Pathogen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gram Positive

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, fermentative, spore-forming bacillus that may be found in the environment but is more commonly found as part of the microbiota of humans and animals. The bacterium is considered a common enteric pathogen; however, the pathogenesis and predisposing factors of the disease can differ among species. Therefore, specific studies are necessary for understanding the role of this pathogen, how to diagnose it and which control measures are applicable. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge regarding C. perfringens infections in pigs, horses and broiler chickens

scholarly journals Neospora caninum and Wildlife

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Almería
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
Important Disease

Bovine neosporosis caused by Neospora caninum is among the main causes of abortion in cattle nowadays. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. Serological evidence in domestic, wild, and zoo animals indicates that many species have been exposed to this parasite. However, many aspects of the life cycle of N. caninum are unknown and the role of wildlife in the life cycle of N. caninum is still not completely elucidated. In North America, there are data consistent with a sylvatic cycle involving white tailed-deer and canids and in Australia a plausible sylvatic cycle could be occurring between wild dogs and their macropod preys. In Europe, a similar sylvatic cycle has not been established but is very likely. The present review is a comprehensive and up to date summary of the current knowledge on the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum, species affected and their geographical distribution. These findings could have important implications in both sylvatic and domestic cycles since infected wildlife may influence the prevalence of infection in cattle farms in the same areas. Wildlife will need to be taken into account in the control measures to reduce the economical losses associated with this important disease in cattle farms.

Role of Clostridium Perfringens in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis and the Utility of Anaerobic Blood Cultures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Alejandra Sandoval C ◽  
◽  
María Paz Romero O ◽  
Carolina Guerra E ◽  
Carolina Riquelme B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that causes various clinical diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns. The progression could be fulminant and lethal. Presentation of the cases: We report 3 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis due to C. perfringens from 2 high-complexity public centers in Chile. Conclusion: Strong clinical suspicion combined with early microbiological identification may modify patient evolution. Anaerobic blood cultures have become a fundamental diagnostic method; therefore, having this tool in neonatal units would be useful

The Role of Penicillin G Potassium in Managing Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gadbois ◽  
J. J. Brennan ◽  
H. L. Bruce ◽  
J. B. Wilson ◽  
J. J. Aramini
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Penicillin G

scholarly journals Role of RNase Y in Clostridium perfringens mRNA Decay and Processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomu Obana ◽  
Kouji Nakamura ◽  
Nobuhiko Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Rnase Y

ABSTRACT RNase Y is a major endoribonuclease that plays a crucial role in mRNA degradation and processing. We study the role of RNase Y in the Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen Clostridium perfringens, which until now has not been well understood. Our study implies an important role for RNase Y-mediated RNA degradation and processing in virulence gene expression and the physiological development of the organism. We began by constructing an RNase Y conditional knockdown strain in order to observe the importance of RNase Y on growth and virulence. Our resulting transcriptome analysis shows that RNase Y affects the expression of many genes, including toxin-producing genes. We provide data to show that RNase Y depletion repressed several toxin genes in C. perfringens and involved the virR-virS two-component system. We also observe evidence that RNase Y is indispensable for processing and stabilizing the transcripts of colA (encoding a major toxin collagenase) and pilA2 (encoding a major pilin component of the type IV pili). Posttranscriptional regulation of colA is known to be mediated by cleavage in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), and we observe that RNase Y depletion diminishes colA 5′UTR processing. We show that RNase Y is also involved in the posttranscriptional stabilization of pilA2 mRNA, which is thought to be important for host cell adherence and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE RNases have important roles in RNA degradation and turnover in all organisms. C. perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterial pathogen that produces numerous extracellular enzymes and toxins, and it is linked to digestive disorders and disease. A highly conserved endoribonuclease, RNase Y, affects the expression of hundreds of genes, including toxin genes, and studying these effects is useful for understanding C. perfringens specifically and RNases generally. Moreover, RNase Y is involved in processing specific transcripts, and we observed that this processing in C. perfringens results in the stabilization of mRNAs encoding a toxin and bacterial extracellular apparatus pili. Our study shows that RNase activity is associated with gene expression, helping to determine the growth, proliferation, and virulence of C. perfringens.

The Role of Penicillin G Potassium in Managing Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. e7-e7
Author(s):  
P. GADBOIS ◽  
J.J. Brennan ◽  
H.L. Bruce ◽  
J.B. Wilson ◽  
J.J. Aramini
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Penicillin G

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptor 4 Protects Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaya Takehara ◽  
Keiko Kobayashi ◽  
Masahiro Nagahama
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tlr4 Agonist ◽  
Innate Ability ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been reported to protect against Gram-negative bacteria by acting as a pathogen recognition receptor that senses mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. However, the role of TLR4 in Gram-positive bacterial infection is less well understood. Clostridium perfringens type A is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes gas gangrene characterized by severe myonecrosis. It was previously demonstrated that C. perfringens θ-toxin is a TLR4 agonist, but the role of TLR4 in C. perfringens infection is unclear. Here, TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice infected with C. perfringens showed a remarkable decrease in survival rate, an increase in viable bacterial counts, and accelerated destruction of myofibrils at the infection site compared with wild-type C3H/HeN mice. These results demonstrate that TLR4 plays an important role in the elimination of C. perfringens. Remarkable increases in levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), were observed in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeN mice, whereas the increases were limited in C3H/HeJ mice. Generally, increased G-CSF accelerates granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen to exacerbate neutrophil production, resulting in elimination of bacteria. The number of neutrophils in the spleen was increased in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeN mice compared with non-infected mice, while the increase was lower in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeJ mice. Furthermore, DNA microarray analysis revealed that the mutation in TLR4 partially affects host gene expression during C. perfringens infection. Together, our results illustrate that TLR4 is crucial for the innate ability to eliminate C. perfringens.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 epidemic, its mortality, and the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niel Hens ◽  
Pascal Vranck ◽  
Geert Molenberghs
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Curve Estimation ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Near Future

COVID-19 has developed into a pandemic, hitting hard on our communities. As the pandemic continues to bring health and economic hardship, keeping mortality as low as possible will be the highest priority for individuals; hence governments must put in place measures to ameliorate the inevitable economic downturn. The course of an epidemic may be defined by a series of key factors. In the early stages of a new infectious disease outbreak, it is crucial to understand the transmission dynamics of the infection. The basic reproduction number ( R0), which defines the mean number of secondary cases generated by one primary case when the population is largely susceptible to infection (‘totally naïve’), determines the overall number of people who are likely to be infected, or, more precisely, the area under the epidemic curve. Estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and identify whether outbreak control measures are having a measurable effect. For R0 > 1, the number infected tends to increase, and for R0 < 1, transmission dies out. Non-pharmaceutical strategies to handle the epidemic are sketched and based on current knowledge, the current situation is sketched and scenarios for the near future discussed.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Prospective Memory Development Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Zuber ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Integrative Framework

Abstract. Prospective Memory (PM; i.e., the ability to remember to perform planned tasks) represents a key proxy of healthy aging, as it relates to older adults’ everyday functioning, autonomy, and personal well-being. The current review illustrates how PM performance develops across the lifespan and how multiple cognitive and non-cognitive factors influence this trajectory. Further, a new, integrative framework is presented, detailing how those processes interplay in retrieving and executing delayed intentions. Specifically, while most previous models have focused on memory processes, the present model focuses on the role of executive functioning in PM and its development across the lifespan. Finally, a practical outlook is presented, suggesting how the current knowledge can be applied in geriatrics and geropsychology to promote healthy aging by maintaining prospective abilities in the elderly.

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