scholarly journals Segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord and syringomyelia in a calf

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Aparecida de Souza ◽  
Samara de Paula Lopes ◽  
Yasmin Daoualibi ◽  
Ana Cristina Sbaraini Mósena ◽  
Vinícius Vasconcellos da Cruz Gonçalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The Body ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Spinous Processes

ABSTRACT: Congenital malformations are functional and structural changes in organ systems, tissues, or organs that may develop during the embryonic or fetal phase. Spinal cord malformations, such as segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord (SHSC) and syringomyelia, are rare in bovines. A Girolando calf from Valença, Rio de Janeiro, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro because of motor incoordination. Clinical evaluation revealed a 5-cm depression area in the spine at the dorsal line of the thoracic region. Neurological examination revealed reduced proprioception, pelvic limb extension with increased nociceptive activity, and reduced anal reflex. In radiographic examination, the body of the T11 vertebra had a trapezoidal wedge shape with ventral hemivertebra, probable agenesis or hypoplasia of the T11-T12 spinous processes, and fusion of the T9-T10 spinous processes. Myelography revealed extradural spinal compression caused by vertebral malformations. Necropsy showed no spinous processes (T11-T12), cranial stenosis in the medullary canal (T11-T13), and 1-3-mm pores in the white matter of the thoracic spinal cord (T8-T11). Microscopy revealed cystic dilatations in the white matter (T9-T11), cystic areas of varying sizes (T8-T9), and moderate reduction in the gray matter around the central canal of the medulla (T11-T13). Here, we reported the clinical and pathological findings of SHSC and syringomyelia in a Girolando calf. The features should be differentiated from other spinal cord syndromes. Congenital malformations are of economic importance, and their etiology and diagnosis are fundamental to disease control and progenitor-selection programs.

Implantation of a Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulator Paddle Electrode and Generator Under General Anesthesia With Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. E169-E169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E Stone ◽  
Steven M Falowski
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulator ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Lead Placement ◽  
Patient Consent ◽  
Spinal Flexibility

Abstract Spinal cord stimulation is a well-established and effective therapy in the treatment of pain. Proper patient selection and accurate lead placement are paramount in its success. Placement is a multifaceted process requiring proper paddle placement, a well thought out generator placement and appropriate means to limit complications and enhance success. Several intraoperative techniques maximize outcomes, including removal of the superior portion of the inferior level's spinous process for paddle access into the epidural space, generator pocket placement in a location that limits patient discomfort, a strain relief loop at the thoracic incision to prevent lead fractures and allow for full spinal flexibility, generator placement parallel to the body and secured in the pocket to prevent unwanted movement, and intraoperative neuromonitoring for patient comfort and more accurate lead placement compared to X-ray alone or awake placement. This case demonstrates these key elements of intraoperative technique in a candidate with the most common indication for spinal cord stimulator placement–postlaminectomy syndrome–underscoring the ease and viability of this procedure in the appropriate patient population in a means that reduces future complications and adverse events while maximizing success.  Full patient consent for video-recording and subsequent use for research purposes was attained. All patient identifiers have been removed for the purpose of patient confidentiality.

Activity of 2′, 3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in Spinal Cord with Spongy Change Induced by a Single Oral Dose of Aniline in Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kanno ◽  
Tetsuro Kurotaki ◽  
Naoaki Yamada ◽  
Kotaro Yamashita ◽  
Yumi Wako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticula

A spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was observed in four-week-old rats treated with aniline. Although this change was found to be a result of the myelin sheath splitting at the ultrastructural level, the mechanism is unknown. This study was conducted to identify the mechanism of the spongy change in aniline-treated rats. The spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was first detected on day 5 in the histopathologic examination. The incidence and severity of the lesions, especially in the lateral and ventral funiculi of the thoracic spinal cord white matter, increased prominently from day 8 to day 10. In all rats, immunohistochemical staining by anti-2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) occurred along the cytoplasmic boundaries of the normal oligodendroglia. However, mild to moderate anti-CNPase staining extended to the swollen cytoplasm of the oligodendroglia in the aniline-treated rats from day 2 to day 4. In the electron microscopic examination, free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm of the oligodendroglia increased on days 3 and 4. These changes were considered to be related to CNPase expression. However, CNPase expression decreased, whereas the spongy changes were detected from day 5. The reduction in CNPase expression may contribute to the changes in the myelin morphology observed in aniline intoxication.

scholarly journals Effects of early surgical decompression on functional and histological outcomes after severe experimental thoracic spinal cord injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Jalan ◽  
Neginder Saini ◽  
Mohammad Zaidi ◽  
Alexandra Pallottie ◽  
Stella Elkabes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Surgical Decompression ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Decompressive Laminectomy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Contusion Injury

OBJECTIVE In acute traumatic brain injury, decompressive craniectomy is a common treatment that involves the removal of bone from the cranium to relieve intracranial pressure. The present study investigated whether neurological function following a severe spinal cord injury improves after utilizing either a durotomy to decompress the intradural space and/or a duraplasty to maintain proper flow of cerebrospinal fluid. METHODS Sixty-four adult female rats (n = 64) were randomly assigned to receive either a 3- or 5-level decompressive laminectomy (Groups A and B), laminectomy + durotomy (Groups C and D), or laminectomy + duraplasty with graft (Group E and F) at 24 hours following a severe thoracic contusion injury (200 kilodynes). Duraplasty involved the use of DuraSeal, a hydrogel dural sealant. Uninjured and injured control groups were included (Groups G, H). Hindlimb locomotor function was assessed by open field locomotor testing (BBB) and CatWalk gait analysis at 35 days postinjury. Bladder function was analyzed and bladder wall thickness was assessed histologically. At 35 days postinjury, mechanical and thermal allodynia were assessed by the Von Frey hair filament and hotplate paw withdrawal tests, respectively. Thereafter, the spinal cords were dissected, examined for gross anomalies at the injury site, and harvested for histological analyses to assess lesion volumes and white matter sparing. ANOVA was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS There was no significant improvement in motor function recovery in any treatment groups compared with injured controls. CatWalk gait analysis indicated a significant decrease in interlimb coordination in Groups B, C, and D (p < 0.05) and swing speed in Groups A, B, and D. Increased mechanical pain sensitivity was observed in Groups A, C, and F (p < 0.05). Rats in Group C also developed thermal pain hypersensitivity. Examination of spinal cords demonstrated increased lesion volumes in Groups C and F and increased white matter sparing in Group E (p < 0.05). The return of bladder automaticity was similar in all groups. Examination of the injury site during tissue harvest revealed that, in some instances, expansion of the hydrogel dural sealant caused compression of the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Surgical decompression provided no benefit in terms of neurological improvement in the setting of a severe thoracic spinal cord contusion injury in rats at 24 hours postinjury. Decompressive laminectomy and durotomy did not improve motor function recovery, and rats in both of these treatment modalities developed neuropathic pain. Performing a durotomy also led to increased lesion volumes. Placement of DuraSeal was shown to cause compression in some rats in the duraplasty treatment groups. Decompressive duraplasty of 3 levels does not affect functional outcomes after injury but did increase white matter sparing. Decompressive duraplasty of 5 levels led to neuropathic pain development and increased lesion volumes. Further comparison of dural repair techniques is necessary.

Congenital intradural melanoma surrounding the spinal cord of a nine-day-old Saanen goat

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001117
Author(s):  
Devinn M Sinnott ◽  
Kevin D Woolard ◽  
Meera Heller ◽  
Verena K Affolter
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Saanen Goat ◽  
Lumbosacral Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Congenital Tumours

A nine-day-old Saanen kid presented for progressive hind limb paresis since birth. Euthanasia was elected, and on postmortem examination a large, pigmented mass was present in the vertebral canal surrounding the lumbosacral and caudal thoracic spinal cord. Histopathology revealed a homogeneous population of round to spindle neoplastic cells containing finely granular pigment consistent with a melanoma. This diagnosis was further supported by a Fontana-Masson stain and immunohistochemistry for PNL2, MelanA and SOX10. The tumour presumably arose from melanocytes or melanocytic precursors within the meninges of the lumbosacral spinal cord. No evidence of neoplasia was seen elsewhere in the body; therefore, the meningeal melanoma likely represents the primary tumour. Goats develop neoplasms less frequently than other species, and reports of congenital tumours in goats are rare.

Locations of Spinothalamic Tract Axons in Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord White Matter in Monkeys

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 2869-2880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xijing Zhang ◽  
Heather N. Wenk ◽  
Christopher N. Honda ◽  
Glenn J. Giesler
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Spinothalamic Tract ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Lateral Funiculus ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Low Threshold

The spinothalamic tract (STT) is the primary pathway carrying nociceptive information from the spinal cord to the brain in humans. The aim of this study was to understand better the organization of STT axons within the spinal cord white matter of monkeys. The location of STT axons was determined using method of antidromic activation. Twenty-six lumbar STT cells were isolated. Nineteen were classified as wide dynamic range neurons and seven as high-threshold cells. Fifteen STT neurons were recorded in the deep dorsal horn (DDH) and 11 in superficial dorsal horn (SDH). The axons of 26 STT neurons were located at 73 low-threshold points (<30 μA) within the lateral funiculus from T9 to C6. STT neurons in the SDH were activated from 33 low-threshold points, neurons in the DDH from 40 low-threshold points. In lower thoracic segments, SDH neurons were antidromically activated from low-threshold points at the dorsal-ventral level of the denticulate ligament. Neurons in the DDH were activated from points located slightly ventral, within the ventral lateral funiculus. At higher segmental levels, axons from SDH neurons continued in a position dorsal to those of neurons in the DDH. However, axons from neurons in both areas of the gray matter were activated from points located in more ventral positions within the lateral funiculus. Unlike the suggestions in several previous reports, the present findings indicate that STT axons originating in the lumbar cord shift into increasingly ventral positions as they ascend the length of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Diffusion Tensor Imaging Assessment of Regional White Matter Changes in the Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord in Pediatric Subjects

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sona Saksena ◽  
Feroze B. Mohamed ◽  
Devon M. Middleton ◽  
Laura Krisa ◽  
Mahdi Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter Changes ◽  
Thoracic Spinal

scholarly journals Severe focal myelopathy secondary to chronic compression by an arachnoid pseudocyst in a Rottweiler

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
V. D. SOUFTAS (Β.Δ. ΣΟΥΦΤΑΣ) ◽  
G. BRELLOU (Γ. ΜΠΡΕΛΛΟΥ) ◽  
M. N. PATSIKAS (Μ.Ν. ΠΑΤΣΙΚΑΣ) ◽  
Ν. SOUBASIS (Ν. ΣΟΥΜΠΑΣΗΣ) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Degenerative Change ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Intradural Extramedullary ◽  
Lesion Localization

A four-year old Rottweiler was presented with tetraplegia, established progressively over a 4-month period. Initiallythe dog developed paresis of the posterior limbs that subsequently evolved to tetraparesis and finally tetraplegia. Upon neurological examination the dog exhibited spastic tetraplegia with exaggerated spinal reflexes in all four limbs. The neuroanatomical lesion localization indicated a focal or diffuse cervical spinal cord disease. Cisternal myelography revealed obstruction of the contrast medium flow at the level of C5 vertebral body. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed intradural-extramedullary compression of the spinal cord at the level of C5-C6 intervertebral disc by a spinal arachnoid pseudocyst, syrinx formation and myelopathy expressed as abnormally higher signal on T2-weighted images at the C5 segment level. Severe demyelination, involving exclusively the white matter of the grossly affected segments and extending rostrally into the brainstem and caudally into the thoracic spinal cord segments, was noticed on histopathology. The unusually severe secondary degenerative change in the cervical spinal cord white matter, inflicted by focal SAP compression, was the most interesting finding.

Spontaneous Herniation of the Thoracic Spinal Cord: A Case Report

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Chan Jin ◽  
Seoung Ro Lee ◽  
Dong Woo Park ◽  
Kyung Bin Joo
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Spontaneous Herniation

Lipomeningocele associated with diplomyelia in a dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Ondreka ◽  
Sara Malberg ◽  
Emma Laws ◽  
Martin Schmidt ◽  
Sabine Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Split Cord Malformation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Subcutaneous Mass ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

SummaryA 2-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog with a body weight of 30 kg was presented for evaluation of a soft subcutaneous mass on the dorsal midline at the level of the caudal thoracic spine. A further clinical sign was intermittent pain on palpation of the area of the subcutaneous mass. The owner also described a prolonged phase of urination with repeated interruption and re-initiation of voiding. The findings of the neurological examination were consistent with a lesion localization between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spina bifida with a lipomeningocele and diplomyelia (split cord malformation type I) at the level of thoracic vertebra 11 and 12 and secondary syringomyelia above the aforementioned defects in the caudal thoracic spinal cord. Surgical resection of the lipomeningocele via a hemilaminectomy was performed. After initial deterioration of the neurological status postsurgery with paraplegia and absent deep pain sensation the dog improved within 2 weeks to non-ambulatory paraparesis with voluntary urination. Six weeks postoperatively the dog was ambulatory, according to the owner. Two years after surgery the owner recorded that the dog showed a normal gait, a normal urination and no pain. Histopathological diagnosis of the biopsied material revealed a lipomeningocele which confirmed the radiological diagnosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document