scholarly journals Growth and reproduction in captivity unveils remarkable life-history plasticity in the smallnose fanskate, Sympterygia bonapartii (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes)

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta A. Jañez ◽  
Fernando J. Meijide ◽  
Luis O. Lucifora ◽  
Carolina Abraham ◽  
Federico Argemi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Function ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

ABSTRACT We analyzed growth and reproduction of captive-born smallnose fanskates Sympterygia bonapartii. Egg cases were obtained from oviposition of two females caught in the wild and held at Temaikèn Aquarium. Following hatching, growth was analyzed in 13 females and 21 males until sexual maturity. Pattern of oviposition activity and reproductive performance were evaluated in six of the captive-reared females. Four models were fitted to growth data, among which the logistic function was the one attaining the best fit. The highest growth rate for both sexes was recorded during the first year of life, whereas growth was significantly higher in females than in males during the second year. Size at first oviposition was 61.7 ± 3.5 cm TL, similar to wild specimens. However, captive-reared females reached maturity before two years of age, i.e. much earlier than wild skates, implying a significant phenotypic plasticity in this species. The similarity in size at maturity and the difference in age at maturity between captive and wild specimens indicate that there is a decoupling of both parameters mediated through growth rates. Captive-born skates reproduced successfully and yielded viable offspring, indicating that the environment at Temaikèn Aquarium is suitable for S. bonapartii to attain its full life cycle.

REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN THE CREEPING VOLE, MICROTUS OREGONI SERPENS MERRIAM

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McT. Cowan ◽  
Margaret G. Arsenault
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Annual Turnover ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The growth and reproduction of the cricetine rodent, Microtus oregoni serpens Merriam, has been studied in the laboratory and in the wild. Growth data arise largely from 28 captive born litters. It has been determined that gestation is [Formula: see text] to 25 days; that mean litter size is 2.95; that a postparturient oestrus is usual but frequently does not occur; that puberty occurs at 22–24 days in females and 34–38 days in males; that there is a sterile period of 5 to 14 days between first oestrus and first conception; longevity in captivity exceeded 320 days but in the wild there was a complete annual turnover. Instantaneous relative growth rates have been determined for four distinguishable phases of growth. A limited experiment using light and heat to stimulate increased reproduction had equivocal results.

LONGITUDINAL EEG-CLINICAL CORRELATIONS IN CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO 4 YEARS OF AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-954
Author(s):  
Fernando Torres ◽  
Michael E. Blaw
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
First Year ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Focal Abnormality ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Single Focus

One hundred-thirty children who had an EEG during their first days of life and who were registered in a clinical longitudinal study were followed with concurrent clinical and EEG examinations every 4 months for the first year of life and at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. Thirty children had EEG characteristics which are frequently considered abnormal in their neonatal record. Twenty-three children had clinical abnormalities during the 4-year period covered by the study. There was no significant correlation between a single EEG and clinical abnormalities at any age. Newborn infants with more than one focal abnormality in their EEG presented clinical abnormalities more frequently than those with a single focus. The difference, however, did not attain statistical significance. Children with an abnormal EEG at birth and an additional abnormal record later, had a higher incidence of clinical abnormalities than those with only an abnormal neonatal EEG. However, this finding is of questionable significance because the children who had clinical abnormalities had a larger number of EEG's than the normal subjects. It is expected that continued follow-up of these children at more advanced stages of their development may give a positive EEG-clinical correlation which was not found in this study.

scholarly journals Influence of volume dependency and timing of airway occlusions on the Hering-Breuer reflex in infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 2033-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Rabbette ◽  
Janet Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
First Year ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Year Of Life

Both end-inspiratory (EIO) and end-expiratory (EEO) airway occlusions are used to calculate the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) in infants. However, the influence of the timing of such occlusions is unknown, as is the extent to which changes in volume within and above the tidal range affect this reflex. The purpose of this study was to compare both techniques and to evaluate the volume dependency of the HBIR in healthy, sleeping infants up to 1 yr of age. The strength of the HBIR was expressed as the ratio of expiratory or inspiratory time during EIO or EEO, respectively, to that recorded during spontaneous breathing, i.e., as the “inhibitory ratio” (IR). Paired measurements of the EIO and EEO in 26 naturally sleeping newborn and 15 lightly sedated infants at ∼1 yr showed no statistically significant differences in the IR according to technique: mean (95% CI) of the difference (EIO − EEO) being −0.02 (−0.17, 0.13) during the first week of life and 0.04 (−0.14, 0.22) at 1 yr. During tidal breathing, a volume threshold of ∼4 ml/kg was required to evoke the HBIR. Marked volume and age dependency were observed. In newborn infants, occlusions at ∼10 ml/kg during sighs always resulted in an IR > 4, whereas a similar response was only evoked at 25 ml/kg in older infants. Age-related changes in the volume threshold may reflect maturational changes in the control of breathing and respiratory mechanics throughout the first year of life.

scholarly journals Dominance in a socially dynamic setting: hierarchical structure and conflict dynamics in ravens' foraging groups

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmyre H. Boucherie ◽  
Mario Gallego-Abenza ◽  
Jorg J. M. Massen ◽  
Thomas Bugnyar
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Dynamic Setting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Group Members ◽  
To Receive

Dominance hierarchies typically emerge in systems where group members regularly encounter and compete for resources. In birds, the ‘open’ and dynamic structure of foraging groups may prevent the emergence of structured hierarchies, although this assumption have hardly been tested. We report on agonistic data for ravens Corvus corax , collected over two 18-month periods for 183 marked individuals of a wild (fluid) population and 51 birds from six captive (stable) groups. We show that the dominance structure (steep and transitive) in wild foraging groups is strikingly similar to that found in captivity. In the wild, we found that higher ranks are mainly occupied by males, older and more aggressive individuals that also tend to receive fewer aggressions. Exploring the mechanisms sustaining the wild dominance structure, we confirmed that males are more aggressive than females and, with age, tend to receive fewer aggressions than females. Males that are about to leave the foraging groups for some months are less aggressive than newcomers or locals, while newcomers are specifically targeted by aggressions in their first year (as juveniles). Taken together, our results indicate that the socially dynamic conditions ravens face during foraging do not hinder, but provide opportunities for, using (advanced) social cognition. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 296. Weight Gains, Serum Protein Levels, and Health of Breast-fed and Artificially-fed Infants. A Clinical and Biochemical Study Based on 946 Infants and Children at The Mother's Hospital (Salvation Army) and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1042
Author(s):  
SAMUEL J. FOMON
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Salvation Army ◽  
Queen Elizabeth Hospital ◽  
First Year ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Considerable Detail ◽  
Breast Fed

Longitudinal observation of weight grains and concentrations of protein in the serum of 744 infants (521 full-term and 223 premature) are presented in considerable detail. The presentation of the data well illustrates the complexities of analysis of data concerning gain in weight in the first year of life. Data concerning growth in length are not presented. Premature infants receiving a formula of ½-skimmed cow's milk with added carbohydrate gained weight more rapidly than did those fed human milk. The difference was greatest with respect to infants with lowest birth weights.

scholarly journals 259 Effect of stair-step nutritional programming on ovarian development in replacement beef heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Author(s):  
Shelby L Rosasco ◽  
Emily A Melchior ◽  
Shad H Cox ◽  
Richard L Dunlap ◽  
Jennifer A Hernandez Gifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Primordial Follicle ◽  
First Year ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Primordial Follicle Activation ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract Based on recent research, it may be possible to influence the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries during the first year of life. Spring-born Angus crossbred heifers (n = 40) were utilized to determine the effect of a stair-step development system on growth and reproduction. Heifers (11 mo) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) constant gain drylot (CG-d), 2) stair-step drylot (SS-d), 3) constant gain native range (CG-r), and 4) stair-step native range (SS-r). Heifers were fed individually with a constant gain target of 0.5 kg/d, while stair-step heifers were targeted to gain 0.25 kg/d the first 45 d (period 1) and 0.75 kg/d over the last 45 d (period 2). All heifers were ovariectomized on d 90. Heifer BW was similar on d 0 and d 45; however, native range heifers had an increased BW at d 90 (P < 0.01) compared to drylot heifers. Period 1 and overall ADG was greater in native range heifers (P < 0.01) compared to drylot heifers. During period 2 CG-r and SS-r heifers had an increased ADG compared to CG-d and SS-d heifers, with SS-d having an increased ADG (P = 0.03) compared to CG-d heifers. Reproductive tract score was similar (P = 0.19) between treatments. Ovarian weight and preovulatory follicle diameter were decreased (P < 0.02) in drylot compared to native range heifers. Primary follicles/section was increased (P = 0.05) in stair-s (P = 0.04) in SS-r and SS-d heifers compared to CG-d heifers, with CG-r similar to all other treatments. Differences in diets between drylot and native range positively influences mechanisms controlling primordial follicle activation. Developing heifers on a stair-step nutritional program resulted in a larger ovarian reserve, potentially resulting in an increase in reproductive longevity.

scholarly journals Hierarchies and Dominance Behaviors in European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) Hatchlings in a Controlled Environment

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1510
Author(s):  
Simone Masin ◽  
Luciano Bani ◽  
Davide Vardanega ◽  
Norberto Chiodini ◽  
Valerio Orioli
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
First Year ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Pond Turtle ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
First Year Of Life

Few species of reptiles are known to establish stable social structures and among these, chelonians provided scarce and conflicting results. Moreover, studies on turtles are usually performed on adult individuals. In this study, we checked whether and when hatchlings of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) established stable hierarchical structures in their first year of life, whether hierarchies were stable in time and how steady they were. We also verified whether social ranks were associated to the individuals’ size. We observed dyadic interactions daily within three small groups of turtles reared in a controlled environment for seven months. After two months, the hatchlings started to interact and progressively established stable hierarchical structures. However, the effectiveness of the three types of observed aggressive behaviors in reversing social ranks was low and the resulting hierarchies were flat. We did not find a significant effect of the turtles’ size on their interactions’ outcome and hierarchy structure. Our results provide clear evidence of the development and the characteristics of social behaviors in young reptiles in captivity. This study could be a starting point for investigating social structures in wild populations.

Visual tools for the exploration of growth data in a cohort of kangaroo infants during their first year of life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deisy Diaz ◽  
Julieta Villegas ◽  
John Alexis Guerra-Gomez ◽  
Nathalie Charpak ◽  
Jose Tiberio Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Using Digital Devices in a First Year Classroom: A Focus on the Design and Use of Phonics Software Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nicholas ◽  
Sophie McKenzie ◽  
Muriel A. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Design Feature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Letter Sound

When integrated within a holistic literacy program, phonics applications can be used in classrooms to facilitate students’ self-directed learning of letter-sound knowledge; but are they designed to allow for such a purpose? With most phonics software applications making heavy use of image cues, this project has more specifically investigated whether the design of the images used in such applications may impact on the effectiveness of their self-directed use in classrooms. Using a quasi-experimental study, we compared two types of pictorial mnemonics used in tablet applications, along with teacher-led activity in three first-year classrooms from the one school. The difference between teacher-led activity and integrated picture cues was significant, with teacher-led activity proving more effective. The difference between teacher-led activity and form-taking picture cues, however, was not statistically significant. Given that the outcomes of this small-scale study suggest that image design may be a significant design feature contributing to the educational value of using phonics applications in the classroom, we recommend that the design features of phonics software applications attract further research.

The Hypoplasic Mandible: What Makes it Different From the Healthy Child?

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562097230
Author(s):  
Floriane Remy ◽  
Yves Godio-Raboutet ◽  
Guillaume Captier ◽  
Pierre Bonnaure ◽  
Philippe Burgart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Classification ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mandibular Hypoplasia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the morphology of the hypoplasic mandible and its evolution during the growth period to better understand how it differs from the pediatric healthy mandible. Method: Three-dimensional mandibular models of hypoplasic and healthy children aged from 39 gestational weeks to 7 years old were analyzed with a morphometric method including data clustering. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted. Bilateral and unilateral mandibular hypoplasia were distinguished. Results: The study sample was composed of 31 hypoplasic children and as many sex- and age-matched healthy children. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted only from the first year of life. In bilateral hypoplasia, the overall mandibular dimensions were reduced while there was only a ramus asymmetry in unilateral mandibular hypoplasia (mean ± SD of the difference between the Grp03c and Grp03b subgroups: 6.80 ± 6.37 – P value = 1.64e–3 for the height of the left ramus versus 0.18 ± 4.18 – P value = .82 for the height of the right ramus). Supervised classification trees were built to identify the pathology and discriminate unilateral from bilateral mandibular hypoplasia (prediction rates = 81% and 84%, respectively). Conclusions: Based on a morphometric analysis, we demonstrated that mandibular hypoplasia significantly impacts the mandibular morphology only from the first year of life, with a distinction between bilateral and unilateral hypoplasia.

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