scholarly journals Importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the protective mechanism against gastrointestinal nematode infection: looking at the intestinal mucosae

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah NEGRÃO-CORRÊA
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Strongyloides Venezuelensis

This review discusses experimental evidences that indicate the IgE participation on the effector mechanisms that leads to gastrointestinal nematode elimination. Data discussed here showed that, for most experimental models, the immune response involved in nematode elimination is regulated by Th-2 type cytokines (especially IL-4). However, the mechanism(s) that result in worm elimination is not clear and might be distinct in different nematode species. Parasite specific IgE production, especially the IgE produced by the intestinal mucosae or associated lymphoid organs could participate in the intestinal elimination of Trichinella spiralis from infected rats. Intestinal IgE may also be important to the protective mechanism developed against other gastrointestinal nematodes that penetrate the murine duodenum mucosa tissue, such as Strongyloides venezuelensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. At least in Trichinella spiralis infected rats, the results indicated that intestinal IgE might work independently from mast cell degranulation for worm elimination.

Moisture and temperature requirements in faeces for the development of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, cattle and deer

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Rossanigo ◽  
L. Gruner
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractIsolates from eight gastrointestinal nematode species parasitic in sheep, cattle and deer were maintained in sheep, to provide eggs in similar faecal environments and to compare temperature and moisture requirements for their development. Faecal cultures were processed at different temperatures (for four species) and moisture contents (for eight species). At 60% of faecal moisture content (FMC), maximal rates of development (expressed as L3/100 hatchable eggs estimated by an extraction technique from the faeves) were observed at 20, 23 and 28°C respectively for Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcinctaand Trichostrongylus colunriformis. For the eight species, the curves of development rates as functions of FMC were Gaussian, without modification between 18 and 28°C. Optimal developments were when the FMC ranged from 57 to 68%; low development of 1L3/100eggs were observed when the FMC ranged from 85 to 95% and from 25 to 55%. The main differences between species were in the ability of the eggs of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. vitrinusand Chabertia ovina to develop at lower FMC than Haemonchus contortus, O. ostertagi, O. legptospicularis and Cooperia oncophora.

scholarly journals A review of the epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle in Zimbabwe

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davies M. Pfukenyi ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
And Control ◽  
National Control Programme

In this review, the main gastrointestinal nematodes infecting cattle in Zimbabwe and the epidemiological factors influencing their occurrence are reviewed and discussed. Nineteen gastrointestinal nematode species that belong to seven families have been found to occur in cattle in Zimbabwe. The main genera reported to date are Cooperia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomumand the dominant species are Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus axei. The mixed infection by several species from the genera is the cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle in Zimbabwe. Production and husbandry practices, season, host age and environment are considered to be the main factors that influence gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle. The geographical distribution of the gastrointestinal nematodes is also reviewed in relation to the climatic conditions of the country. Various control options are discussed and how they are applicable to the Zimbabwean situation. Based on reports and existing data on the epidemiological features of the gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle, practical control measures are critically reviewed and recommendations are made for a national control programme. 

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal nematode species burdens and host mortality in a feral sheep population

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. CRAIG ◽  
J. G. PILKINGTON ◽  
J. M. PEMBERTON
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Host Mortality

Every few years a large proportion of the feral sheep on Hirta, St Kilda die due to food shortage. The effects of malnutrition are exacerbated by gastrointestinal nematodes. As found in sheep flocks in mainland Britain,Teladorsagia circumcinctahas long been considered the predominant and most pathogenic nematode species in all age classes of Soay sheep. Previous research indicated that intensity of this species showed a negative association with host age and comprised 75% of the entire gastrointestinal burden. Here we present new data that showTrichostrongylus axeiandTrichostrongylus vitrinusto be the predominant worm pathogens in young Soay sheep. In the present study,Trichostrongylusspp. burdens declined with host age whereasT. circumcinctaactually increased in burden over the first few age classes. Also, male hosts had significantly higher burdens ofTrichostrongylusspp. than females, with this genus making up a higher proportion of the strongyle egg producing community in male hosts than female hosts. These new findings raise questions concerning our previous interpretation of the main nematode species contributing to strongyle egg count in the population, and the contrasting infection patterns of these nematode species in unmanaged St Kilda Soay sheep compared with domestic sheep in mainland Britain.

scholarly journals Tanniferous forage plants: Agronomic performance, palatability and efficacy against parasitic nematodes in sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Häring ◽  
A. Scharenberg ◽  
F. Heckendorn ◽  
F. Dohme ◽  
A. Lüscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Forage Plants

AbstractTanniferous forage plants can have beneficial effects on ruminant productivity and health (improved protein supply, bloat safety and antiparasitic properties). However, condensed tannins can also lower palatability, voluntary feed intake and digestibility. The aim of our interdisciplinary project was to generate basic knowledge on plant management, feed palatability and the antiparasitic properties of tanniferous forage plants for their practical application in agronomy, focusing on their usefulness in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in organic farming. We found thatOnobrychis viciifolia(sainfoin),Lotus corniculatus(birdsfoot trefoil) andCichorium intybus(chicory) were suitable for cultivation under the given temperate climatic conditions, whereasLotus pedunculatus(big trefoil) was soon outcompeted by unsown species. Growing the tanniferous plant species in a mixture withFestuca pratensis(meadow fescue) rather than in a monoculture had the advantage of increasing total dry matter (DM) yield (especially in the case of tanniferous legumes) and of reducing the DM proportions of unsown species. However, due to dilution by non-tanniferousF. pratensis, the tannin concentrations of mixtures were clearly lower and the seasonal fluctuations in tannin concentrations greater than that of monocultures. Across species, tannin concentrations were highest forO. viciifolia, followed byL. corniculatusand very low forC. intybus. Palatability of all tanniferous forages was comparable to that of a ryegrass/clover mixture when fed as dried forage and, when offered as silage, palatability ofO. viciifoliawas clearly superior to that of the respective ryegrass/clover control. Administration of dried or ensiledO. viciifoliareduced parasite egg counts in feces of lambs co-infected with the gastrointestinal nematode speciesHaemonchus contortusandCooperia curticei. We conclude thatO. viciifoliais the most promising among the tested tanniferous forage plant species due to its suitability for cultivation, its high tannin concentration, its high palatability and its antiparasitic activity even in dried or ensiled form.

scholarly journals The relative involvement of Th1 and Th2 associated immune responses in the expulsion of a primary infection of Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice of differing response phenotype

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ben-Smith ◽  
D.A. Lammas ◽  
J.M. Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Response Phenotype ◽  
Th1 And Th2

AbstractT helper cell (Th1 and Th2) associated responses were examined following a primary infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus in five inbred strains of mice with different resistance phenotypes. Levels of (i) mast cell protease, (ii) specific IgE, (iii) nitric oxide and (iv) specific IgG2a, as markers of Th2 and Th1 associated responses, respectively, were determined in sera and intestinal fluids and correlated with worm burdens. The ‘fast’ responder (resistant) strains SWR and SJL produced strong Th2 and Th1 associated responses respectively in a mutually exclusive fashion. The F1 hybrid (SWR×SJL) F1, showed rapid expulsion of the parasite and expressed both intense Th1 and Th2 responses, suggesting synergism between Th1 and Th2 activity in these mice. The results indicate that both Th2 and Th1 responses operate in mice following a primary infection with H. polygyrus and that each Th response may be involved to a greater or lesser degree within certain strains. Resistance to H. polygyrus was found to correlate only to the intensity of either the gut-associated mastocytosis or nitric oxide production in these strains but not to either specific IgE or IgG2a titres. Chronic infections in the ‘slow’ response phenotype mouse strains CBA and C57BL/10, were associated with both poor Th2 and poor Th1-associated responses attributed to a general parasite-mediated immunosuppression of the host immune response to infection.

scholarly journals Evidence for an interleukin 4-inducible immunoglobulin E uptake and transport mechanism in the intestine.

1994 ◽  
Vol 180 (5) ◽  
pp. 1793-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Ramaswamy ◽  
J Hakimi ◽  
R G Bell
Keyword(s):  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Uptake And Transport

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E is the principal Ig involved in immediate hypersensitivities and chronic allergic diseases such as asthma. Helminths are the most potent infectious agents known for their capacity to stimulate IgE production during the course of infection. In rats, the nematode Trichinella spiralis typically elicits a strong parasite-specific IgE response during infection, and this IgE antibody has been shown to be protective against the parasite in passive transfer experiments. The study reported here analyzed the fate of 125I-labeled myeloma IgE (1R162) in normal and T. spiralis-infected rats after intravenous injection. T. spiralis infection induced a capacity for specific binding to the gut wall of 125I-IgE rather than 125I-IgG1, as well as the transport of IgE, but not IgG1, into the gut lumen. Peak intestinal uptake and transport of 125I-IgE occurred during the first and second weeks after injection but was not elevated in the fourth week, that is, after intestinal adult worms had been expelled. Neither 125I-IgE uptake in the gut wall nor transport to the lumen could be ascribed to tissue damage or vascular leakage. Luminal transport occurred in the small intestine and not the liver, which only transports low molecular weight degraded 125I-IgE. Calculations based on the amount of intact IgE in the lumen suggest that, in a 24-h period, up to 20% of injected 125I-IgE can be transported to the gut lumen during the peak transport period, between 6 and 14 d after infection. The intestinal IgE binding and transport response can be adoptively transferred with T. spiralis immune CD4+ OX22- (CD45RC-) lymphocytes, which are protective, but not the nonprotective sister population CD4+ OX22+ (CD45RC+) of lymphocytes isolated simultaneously from thoracic duct lymph of infected rats. The intravenous infusion of recombinant rat interleukin 4 also elicited significant intestinal uptake of 125I-IgE. We also present evidence for the presence of CD23 on rat intraepithelial lymphocytes. These data provide evidence for a novel, inducible, intestine-specific IgE uptake and transport mechanism.

Nematocide activity of 6,7-diarylpteridines in three experimental models

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ochoa ◽  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
L. Domínguez ◽  
J. Saldaña ◽  
R. Di Maio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Method Of Evaluation ◽  
Pteridine Derivatives

Thein vitronematocide activity of seventeen 6,7-diarylpteridines has been tested using three different experimental models,Caenorhabditis elegans,Nippostrongylus brasiliensisandHeligmosomoides polygyrus. The method of evaluation of inhibition in the secretion of acetylcholinesterase byH. polygyrusseems to be the most indicated to avoid false positives. Thein vivoactivities, againstTrichinella spiralis, of the mostin vitroactive pteridines have been assayed. All pteridine derivatives bearing 6,7-di-p-bromophenyl substituents have shownin vitronematocide activites in the three experimental models used. Amongst all the pteridines testedin vivo, only 2,4-pteridinedithione derivatives exhibited moderate activity.

scholarly journals Infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis Induces Transient Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation, an Increase in Immunoglobulin E, and Hyperresponsiveness in Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6263-6272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheline R. Silveira ◽  
Kênia P. Nunes ◽  
Denise C. Cara ◽  
Danielle G. Souza ◽  
Ary Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Allergic Airway Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Eosinophilic Inflammation ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Strongyloides Venezuelensis

ABSTRACT Infection by nematode parasites with a pulmonary migration in their life cycle and allergic asthma are two highly prevalent diseases in humans; therefore, one may expect both may occur concomitantly. There is a predominant and essential role of Th2 lymphocytes in the mechanisms underlying the control of parasite elimination as well as in the pathology observed in the asthmatic lung. The consequences of such situations have been explored, with controversial results, justifying the development of experimental models in which the relationship between allergic airway inflammation and helminth infection might be evaluated. The present work describes the inflammatory, humoral, and functional changes that occur in the lung of rats after single (subcutaneous inoculation of 1,500 L3 larvae) or multiple (five weekly subcutaneous inoculations of 1,500 L3 larvae) Strongyloides venezuelensis infections. The results show that the migration of S. venezuelensis larvae through the lungs of infected rats induces a local eosinophilic inflammation process which is mostly focal and parenchymal for rats infected a single time and which is peribronchial after multiple infections. The inflammatory process is accompanied by mucus hypersecretion, thickening of bronchial epithelial and muscle layers, and local increase in immunoglobulin E concentrations that peak after 5 to 7 days and are resolved after 12 days of single or multiple infections. The peak of lung immunopathologic changes observed in infected rats coincides with lung airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key functional alteration in asthma. We propose that this experimental model is ideal to carry out further studies on immunoprotection against nematode infection versus immunopathology of allergic airway inflammation.

scholarly journals Prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematode parasites in scavenging pigs of different ages and sexes in Eastern Centre province, Burkina Faso

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Tamboura ◽  
H. Banga-Mboko ◽  
D. Maes ◽  
I. Youssao ◽  
A. Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Veterinary Importance

The range and infestation intensities of gastrointestinal parasitic nematode species depend on the type of swine production system. The present study focused mainly on nematodes of veterinary importance in scavenging pigs in Burkina Faso, and aimed at determining the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites by means of faecal egg per gram (EPG) counts. Between November 2001 and October 2002, faecal samples from 383 pigs of different sexes and ages (< 5 months, 5-12 months and > 12 months) were collected from the rectum and examined for gastrointestinal nematodes parasites using the Mc Master method. Of the 383 pigs examined, 91 % were infected by one or more para sites. Ascaris suum (40 %; 100-1 400 EPG) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Strongyloides ransomi (21 %; 100-4 200 EPG), Oesophagostomum spp. (18 %; 100-1 000 EPG), Hyostrongylus rubidus (11 %; 100-1 800 EPG), Globocephalus spp. 10 %; 100-400 EPG) and Trichuris suis (1 %; 100-200 EPG). The prevalence was significantly higher in female pigs (n = 239) than in males. In addition, females excreted significantly (P < 0.05) more eggs in their faeces than males, except in the case of Globocephalus spp. The age of the animal had no effect on the prevalence of A. suum whereas there were significant differences in age categories concerning S. ransomi, H. rubidus, Oesophagostumum spp. and Globocephalus spp. Unexpectedly, the high prevalence of these common parasites was not accompanied by elevated EPG values, which suggests the existence of moderate infestations. The present work indicates that the common nematode infestations in pigs do not necessarily need a systematic herd anthelmintic treatment, as only a small number of worms is required to induce immunity. A further study is needed to formulate appropriate and cost-effective strategies for the control of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in pigs in Burkina Faso.

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