scholarly journals Effects of aluminum-copper alloy filtration on photon spectra, air kerma rate and image contrast

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Gonçalves ◽  
João Manuel Domingos de Almeida Rollo ◽  
Marcelo Gonçalves ◽  
Francisco Haiter Neto ◽  
Frab Norberto Bóscolo
Keyword(s):  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Filter ◽  
Photon Spectra ◽  
Aluminum Filtration ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

This study evaluated the performance of aluminum-copper alloy filtration, without the original aluminum filter, for dental radiography in terms of x-ray energy spectrum, air kerma rate and image quality. Comparisons of various thicknesses of aluminum-copper alloy in three different percentages were made with aluminum filtration. Tests were conducted on an intra-oral dental x-ray machine and were made on mandible phantom and on step-wedge. Depending on the thickness of aluminum-copper alloy filtration, the beam could be hardened and filtrated. The use of the aluminum-copper alloy filter resulted in reductions in air kerma rate from 8.40% to 47.33%, and indicated the same image contrast when compared to aluminum filtration. Aluminum-copper alloy filtration may be considered a good alternative to aluminum filtration.

scholarly journals Establishment of 350–450 kV wide spectrum and high air-kerma rate X-ray radiation mass

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (23) ◽  
pp. 8824-8828
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Jinjie Wu ◽  
Haiyan Du ◽  
Siming Guo ◽  
Shiwei Ren
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

SU-CC-ValA-07: Air Kerma Rate Measurements From a Miniature X-Ray Source Using Free-Air Ionization Chambers

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (6Part2) ◽  
pp. 1983-1984
Author(s):  
S Davis ◽  
J Micka ◽  
L DeWerd ◽  
T Rusch
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Air Ionization ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

Effects of Rare-earth Filters on Patient Exposure and Image Contrast

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1326-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Mauriello ◽  
D.B. Washburn ◽  
S.R. Matteson
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Aluminum Filtration ◽  
Diagnostic Radiography ◽  
The Rare Earth

Minimizing patient exposure while maintaining a diagnostically acceptable radiograph is a major goal in diagnostic radiography. Rare-earth filters may be the means to achieve this goal due to their "bandpass effect". The purpose of this study was to examine the image contrast effects and exposure reductions for various thicknesses of aluminum, samarium, gadolinium, gadolinium oxysulfide, and gadolinium oxysulfide added to 2.5 mm of aluminum. Trials were conducted on an intra-oral dental x-ray unit (range, 65 to 90 kVp). When compared with conventional aluminum, all of the rare-earth filters provided lower radiation exposures, with gadolinium in the metallic or oxysulfide form providing the lowest exposures. Samarium, at a thickness of 0.127 mm, yielded the highest image contrast. Gadolinium or gadolinium oxysulfide added to 2.5 mm of aluminum resulted in a slight loss of contrast when compared with conventional aluminum filtration. This loss may not be clinically significant, and when coupled with the reduced exposure afforded by these filters, they become viable as acceptable alternatives to aluminum filtration.

scholarly journals QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES: LABORATORY EVALUATION OF INTRAORAL FILMS, FILTERS, COLLIMATORS, AND RADIATION EXPOSURE

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto TAMBURUS
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Radiation Beam ◽  
Copper Aluminum ◽  
Aluminum Filter ◽  
Aluminum Filtration ◽  
Group D

In order to evaluate density, radiographic contrast and dose of radiation exposure, the author analyzed 80 radiographs containing 640 optical density data of the images of a penetrometer, exposed to the radiation beam with combinations between D and E periapical films, aluminum and copper/aluminum filters, and circular or rectangular collimators. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and allowed the following conclusions: 1) aluminum filtration resulted in improved image contrast; 2) the use of group D film and an aluminum filter produced improved image contrast quality; 3) the rectangular collimator contributed to the production of improved contrast and to the reduction of radiation exposure, but did not affect density; 4) the combination of copper/aluminum filter, E group film and rectangular collimation significantly reduced radiation exposure.

Calculation of air-kerma rate of diagnostic X-ray generators

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoh Katoh ◽  
Sogo Mita ◽  
Masahiro Fukushi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nyui ◽  
Shinji Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

National primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alexandr V. Oborin ◽  
Anna Y. Villevalde ◽  
Sergey G. Trofimchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

The results of development of the national primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2011 in 2019 are presented according to the recommendations of the ICRU Report No. 90 “Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications”. The following changes are made to the equations for the units determination with the standard: in the field of X-rays, new correction coefficients of the free-air ionization chambers are introduced and the relative standard uncertainty of the average energy to create an ion pair in air is changed; in the field of gamma radiation, the product of the average energy to create an ion pair in air and the electron stopping-power graphite to air ratio for the cavity ionization chambers is changed. More accurate values of the units reproduced by GET 8-2019 are obtained and new metrological characteristics of the standard are stated.

ALUMINUM 2011

Alloy Digest ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Screw Machine ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloy

Abstract ALUMINUM 2011 is an age-hardenable aluminum-copper alloy to which lead and bismuth are added to make it a free-machining alloy. It has good mechanical properties and was designed primarily for the manufacture of screw-machine products. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-32. Producer or source: Various aluminum companies. Originally published October 1955, revised December 1978.

ZA-27

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
Heavy Section ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloy ◽  
Lower Material

Abstract ZA-27 is a zinc-aluminum-copper alloy that offers exceptionally high strength (58,000 to 64,000 psi tensile strength as cast) at modest cost. It performs best in thin-walled castings (down to 0.10 inch) which means reduced weight and lower material costs when castings are redesigned. It is similar to the general-purpose ZA-12 alloy (Alloy Digest Zn-31, September 1977) except for its higher strength and elongation, but with higher casting temperatures and poor heavy-section castability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fracture toughness and creep. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as casting, forming, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Zn-32. Producer or source: Eastern Alloys Inc.. See also Alloy Digest Zn-50, June 1990.

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