scholarly journals Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Rodrigues ◽  
E A Carlini
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Stimulant Effect ◽  
Psychoactive Plants ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Psychoactive Effects ◽  
Tranquilizing Effect ◽  
Brazilian Biodiversity

OBJECTIVE: In spite of the richness of the Brazilian biodiversity, no phytomedicines have been developed from this flora with the purpose of being used in psychiatric treatments. The objective of the present study was to document the use of plants with possible psychoactive effects in rituals performed by the Krahô Indians, who live in the cerrado savannahs biome in the central region of Brazil. Also, the present data were compared with the data obtained during a review of the literature on the use of psychoactive plants by 25 Brazilian indigenous groups. METHOD: The study was carried out during two years of fieldwork during which anthropological and botanical methods were employed. RESULTS: Seven local shamans were interviewed and they indicated 98 formulas, consisting of 45 plant species that appear to have psychoactive properties and were used in 25 different treatments. Some of the psychoactive properties were "prevention of madness", "stimulant effect", "tranquilizing effect", "prevention of tremors", "longer sleeping period", "open mind" and "induction of sleep". This article also describes the review of literature, which recorded 58 plants that may have psychoactive effects used by 25 Brazilian Indian cultures. CONCLUSION: The treatment of psychological/psychiatric disorders based on the plants used by the Krahô Indians is very rich. It is also observed among other Brazilian indigenous groups. Future phytochemical and pharmacological studies on these plants may develop new medicines to treat psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals The ethnobotany of psychoactive plant use: a phylogenetic perspective

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashmiah Aid Alrashedy ◽  
Jeanmaire Molina
Keyword(s):  
Morning Glory ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
Psychoactive Plants ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Differential Gene Regulation ◽  
Psychoactive Effects ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Disproportionate Number

Psychoactive plants contain chemicals that presumably evolved as allelochemicals but target certain neuronal receptors when consumed by humans, altering perception, emotion and cognition. These plants have been used since ancient times as medicines and in the context of religious rituals for their various psychoactive effects (e.g., as hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives). The ubiquity of psychoactive plants in various cultures motivates investigation of the commonalities among these plants, in which a phylogenetic framework may be insightful. A phylogeny of culturally diverse psychoactive plant taxa was constructed with their psychotropic effects and affected neurotransmitter systems mapped on the phylogeny. The phylogenetic distribution shows multiple evolutionary origins of psychoactive families. The plant families Myristicaceae (e.g., nutmeg), Papaveraceae (opium poppy), Cactaceae (peyote), Convolvulaceae (morning glory), Solanaceae (tobacco), Lamiaceae (mints), Apocynaceae (dogbane) have a disproportionate number of psychoactive genera with various indigenous groups using geographically disparate members of these plant families for the same psychoactive effect, an example of cultural convergence. Pharmacological traits related to hallucinogenic and sedative potential are phylogenetically conserved within families. Unrelated families that exert similar psychoactive effects also modulate similar neurotransmitter systems (i.e., mechanistic convergence). However, pharmacological mechanisms for stimulant effects were varied even within families suggesting that stimulant chemicals may be more evolutionarily labile than those associated with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. Chemically similar psychoactive chemicals may also exist in phylogenetically unrelated lineages, suggesting convergent evolution or differential gene regulation of a common metabolic pathway. Our study has shown that phylogenetic analysis of traditionally used psychoactive plants suggests multiple ethnobotanical origins and widespread human dependence on these plants, motivating pharmacological investigation into their potential as modern therapeutics for various neurological disorders.

Meconium peritonitis: review of literature and own clinical observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Glavatskaya , O.V. Pribushenya , N.A. Venchikova
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Meconium Peritonitis ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Loop Expansion ◽  
The Impact

Two clinical cases of meconium peritonitis in the fetuses are presented. The diagnosis was made prenatally at 30+5 and 20+1 weeks of gestation. The main ultrasound signs were ascites, loop expansion and thickening of the intestinal wall, peritoneal calcifications, meconium pseudocysts. In one case, pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. In both cases, the pregnancy ended in premature birth, followed by surgical treatment during the first days of life. A review of the literature on the topic are discussed the etiology, the spectrum and frequency of ultrasound signs suggesting this condition in the fetus, the effectiveness of prenatal diagnosis, the prognosis for the life and health of the newborn, as well as the impact of the quality and timeliness of the prenatal diagnosis on the management of pregnancy and timeliness of surgical care for the newborn.

scholarly journals Medical Adjuvants in the Treatment of Surgically Refractory Arteriovenous Malformations of the Head and Face: Case Report and Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Vaidya Govindarajan ◽  
Joshua D. Burks ◽  
Evan M. Luther ◽  
John W. Thompson ◽  
Robert M. Starke
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Mtor Inhibitors ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Initiation Of Therapy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Radiographic Improvement

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain and face present unique challenges for clinicians. Cerebral AVMs may induce hemorrhage or form aneurysms, while facial AVMs can cause significant disfigurement and pain. Moreover, facial AVMs often draw blood supply from arteries providing critical blood flow to other important structures of the head which may make them impossible to treat curatively. Medical adjuvants may be an important consideration in the management of these patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify other instances of molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used as medical adjuvants for the treatment of cranial and facial AVMs. We also present 2 cases from our own institution where patients were treated with partial embolization, followed by adjuvant therapy with rapamycin. After screening a total of 75 articles, 7 were identified which described use of rapamycin in the treatment of inoperable cranial or facial AVM. In total, 21 cases were reviewed. The median treatment duration was 12 months (3–24.5 months), and the highest recorded dose was 3.5 mg/m<sup>2</sup>. 76.2% of patients demonstrated at least a partial response to rapamycin therapy. In 2 patients treated at our institution, symptomatic and radiographic improvement were noted 6 months after initiation of therapy. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Early results have been encouraging in a small number of patients with inoperable AVM of the head and face treated with mTOR inhibitors. Further study of medical adjuvants such as rapamycin may be worthwhile.

Migraine and Muscle-Contraction Headache: Psychiatric and Personality Issues—A Review

1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Ranjan Roy
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Tension Headache ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Clinical Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Definition Of

Presented is a selected review of the literature pertaining to migraine and tension headache of the past thirty or more years. Existence of “migraine” personality is explored. Association between psychiatric disorders and headache is examined. Problems of definition of these concepts are discussed and current thinking to resolve some of the clinical issues of these two types of headaches is presented.

scholarly journals TRENDS OF CONTEMPORARY LEPTOSPIROSIS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Gorodin ◽  
D. L. Moysova ◽  
V. A. Bakhtina ◽  
S. V. Zotov
Keyword(s):  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Clinically Significant

A review of the literature is devoted to one of the most common and clinically significant zoonoses - leptospirosis. The article summarizes modern information on prevalence, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and clinical features, diagnosis of leptospirosis infection over the last 10 years. The particular attention is paid to the characterization of severe forms of the disease, complex approaches to the treatment of the disease, correction of organ dysfunction and hemostasis disorders; review.

scholarly journals Proximal and Distal Influences on Fresh Management Graduate’s Employability: A Review of Literature and Orientations

Webology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Frederick Sidney Correa ◽  
Pawan Kumar Chand ◽  
Amit Mittal ◽  
Ruchi Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Support ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Employer Satisfaction ◽  
Support Mechanisms ◽  
Career Enhancement ◽  
Organization Support

The paper explores the factors that affect proximal and distal employability behavior within the employer satisfaction perspective a vis recruitment of the fresh management graduates. The study undertakes a comprehensive review of the literature and categories the literature as divided across three broad streams: individual preparedness, institutional support mechanisms and organization support to career enhancement. The ‘determinants’ of employer satisfaction in recruiting the fresh management post graduates and their effective operationalization is indeed challenging. The paper attempts to explore and bring together the divergent pieces of literature under the proximal and distal perspectives as shaping ‘employability’ prospects.

scholarly journals Minor Physical Anomalies and their Relationship to the Aetiology of Schizophrenia

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran C. Murphy ◽  
Michael J. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Model ◽  
Minor Physical Anomalies ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundPrevious reports have suggested an increased prevalence of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenia.MethodA review of the literature was performed to examine the relationship between MPAs, schizophrenia and other disorders.ResultsPrevious studies demonstrate a number of methodological shortcomings. Moreover, MPAs are found in several other psychiatric disorders. Proponents of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia have focused on an environmental explanation for the increased prevalence of MPAs. We argue that this may be overly simplistic and propose various ways in which genetic factors may also be involved.ConclusionsBetter studies should be performed to examine more precisely the nature of MPAs in schizophrenia and other disorders and also the relationship between MPAs and other developmental abnormalities. At present, it is unclear if MPAs are directly related to the pathogenesis of the disorder or even if they are related to the timing of critical events.

The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-H. Ko ◽  
J.-Y. Yen ◽  
C.-F. Yen ◽  
C.-S. Chen ◽  
C.-C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Pubmed Database

AbstractInternet addiction is a newly emergent disorder. It has been found to be associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Information about such coexisting psychiatric disorders is essential to understand the mechanism of Internet addiction. In this review, we have recruited articles mentioning coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction from the PubMed database as at November 3, 2009. We describe the updated results for such disorders of Internet addiction, which include substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, hostility, and social anxiety disorder. We also provide discussion for possible mechanisms accounting for the coexistence of psychiatric disorders and Internet addiction. The review might suggest that combined psychiatric disorders mentioned above should be evaluated and treated to prevent their deteriorating effect on the prognosis of Internet addiction. On the other hand, Internet addiction should be paid more attention to when treating people with these coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction. Additionally, we also suggest future necessary research directions that could provide further important information for the understanding of this issue.

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