scholarly journals Detection of areas of endemism on two spatial scales using Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE): the Neotropical region and the Atlantic Forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Sérgio Sigrist ◽  
Claudio José Barros de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Analysis Scale ◽  
Parsimony Analysis Of Endemicity

An important biological challenge today is the conservation of biodiversity. Biogeography, the study of the distribution patterns of organisms, is an important tool for this challenge. Endemism, the co-occurrence of several species unique to the same area, has important implications for the preservation of biodiversity, since many areas of endemism are also areas with large human impact. More rigorously defined, areas of endemism are historical units of distributional congruence of monophyletic taxa. These areas often assumed to be due to nonrandom historical events that favored conditions associated with high rates of speciation. Thus, understanding endemism and the delimitation of endemic areas has important implications for conservation. Today, most studies delimit areas of endemism by superimposing maps of distribution for various species. This approach suffers from arbitrary delimitations, however, when a great distributional data is used. In this paper we used the method of Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) based on georeferenced quadrats in order to delimit areas of endemism. This modality of the method is important due to its testable nature and can also be used to infer area relationships. We applied the method to raw distributional data from 19 unrelated taxa to delimit general patterns of endemism in the Neotropical Region and in the Atlantic forest domain using different grid scales. Neotropical areas found are comprised over the Panama region, northern Andean region and the Atlantic forest. Atlantic forest showed a major division into two distinct components (northern x southern). Endemic areas delimited using smaller scale grids on the Atlantic forest should be considered for conservation priorities once they showed endemism at regional and local scales. The results were also compared to other studies using different taxa and methods. Finally, some considerations on the analysis scale and future perspectives of the method are presented.

scholarly journals Distribution patterns of Neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) based on Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (1a) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Goldani ◽  
G. S. Carvalho ◽  
J. C. Bicca-Marques
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Parsimony Analysis Of Endemicity

The Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) is a method of historical biogeography that is used for detecting and connecting areas of endemism. Based on data on the distribution of Neotropical primates, we constructed matrices using quadrats, interfluvial regions and pre-determinated areas of endemism described for avians as Operative Geographic Units (OGUs). We codified the absence of a species from an OGU as 0 (zero) and its presence as 1 (one). A hypothetical area with a complete absence of primate species was used as outgroup to root the trees. All three analyses resulted in similar groupings of areas of endemism, which match the distribution of biomes in the Neotropical region. One area includes Central America and the extreme Northwest of South America, other the Amazon basin, and another the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco.

scholarly journals Historical relationships among areas of endemism in the tropical South America using Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Sérgio Sigrist ◽  
Claudio José Barros de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Monophyletic Cluster ◽  
Influence Area ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Area Classification

Areas of endemism are the smallest units of biogeographical analysis. One of its definitions is that these areas harbor organisms with restricted distributions caused by non random historical factors. The aim of this study was to examine historical relationships among areas of endemism in the Neotropics using Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA). We applied BPA to 12 unrelated taxa distributed within two sets of endemic areas in order to: (1) compare the proposed endemic area classifications; (2) examine whether Amazonia and Atlantic Forest are true biogeographic units and, (3) examine whether the inclusion of open area formations influence area relationships of the surrounding forests. General area cladograms revealed a basal split between Amazonian and Atlantic forests, suggesting that these areas have been isolated for a long period of time. All Atlantic forest endemic areas formed a monophyletic cluster, showing a sequence of vicariant events from north to south. The hypothesis that Amazonia is a composite area, made up of different historical units, is herein corroborated. When Cerrado and Caatinga (grasslands and savannas) are included, internal area relationships within Amazonia change, indicating that area classification schemes comprising forests and open formations should be preferred given the complementary history of these areas.

A contribution to the systematics of the genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4472 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAVI KURINA ◽  
HEIKKI HIPPA ◽  
DALTON DE SOUZA AMORIM
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Non Destructive

A total of 286 male specimens of Manota from 38 different collecting sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were analysed. They belong to 32 different species, including 20 described as new to science and 12 recognized as previously described species. The new species are M. abbreviata sp. n., M. atlantica sp. n., M. carioca sp. n., M. cavata sp. n., M. hirta sp. n., M. lamasi sp. n., M. lanei sp. n., M. nordestina sp. n., M. oliveirai sp. n., M. paniculata sp. n., M. papaveroi sp. n., M. periotoi sp. n., M. perparva sp. n., M. pseudoiota sp. n., M. rostrata sp. n., M. sanctavirginae sp. n., M. securiculata sp.n., M. silvai sp. n., M. tavaresi sp. n. and M. unispinata sp. n. The taxonomic context of the newly described species is discussed. Manota palpalis Lane, 1948, the type of which is considered lost, is redescribed and discussed, based on the original description, the original illustrations, and the type-locality. Our specimens of the previously described species belong to M. aligera Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. anfracta Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. appendiculata Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. caribica Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. diversiseta Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. micula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. panda Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. pustulosa Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. quantula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. serrulata Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017 and M. subaristata Kurina, Hippa & Amorim, 2017. Among the species dealt with here, ten have a wide distribution in South America or the Neotropics, six are known from only a single site, nine are widespread along the Atlantic Forest, and seven are known only from southern Brazil/northwestern Argentina. A discrepancy between the distribution patterns of Manota species and the general areas of endemism known for flies in the Atlantic Forest is discussed, and a non-destructive sequencing reverse workflow protocol for Manota specimens proposed.        Including the species described here, the Neotropical region closely approaches the Oriental region in terms of the number of described species (92 and 102, respectively), while the genus now includes 300 species worldwide. 

Bird distributional patterns support biogeographical histories and are associated with bioclimatic units in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4337 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTIANO DE SANTANA CARVALHO ◽  
NAYLA FÁBIA FERREIRA DO NASCIMENTO ◽  
HELDER F. P. DE ARAUJO
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Forest Birds ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Parsimony Analysis Of Endemicity

Rivers as barriers to dispersal and past forest refugia are two of the hypotheses proposed to explain the patterns of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest. It has recently been shown that possible past refugia correspond to bioclimatically different regions, so we tested whether patterns of shared distribution of bird taxa in the Atlantic Forest are 1) limited by the Doce and São Francisco rivers or 2) associated with the bioclimatically different southern and northeastern regions. We catalogued lists of forest birds from 45 locations, 36 in the Atlantic forest and nine in Amazon, and used parsimony analysis of endemicity to identify groups of shared taxa. We also compared differences between these groups by permutational multivariate analysis of variance and identified the species that best supported the resulting groups. The results showed that the distribution of forest birds is divided into two main regions in the Atlantic Forest, the first with more southern localities and the second with northeastern localities. This distributional pattern is not delimited by riverbanks, but it may be associated with bioclimatic units, surrogated by altitude, that maintain current environmental differences between two main regions on Atlantic Forest and may be related to phylogenetic histories of taxa supporting the two groups. 

scholarly journals The role of vicariance and dispersal on the temporal range dynamics of forest vipers in the Neotropical region

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257519
Author(s):  
Matheus Pontes-Nogueira ◽  
Marcio Martins ◽  
Laura R. V. Alencar ◽  
Ricardo J. Sawaya
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
South American ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Range Dynamics ◽  
Dated Phylogeny

The emergence of the diagonal of open/dry vegetations, including Chaco, Cerrado and Caatinga, is suggested to have acted as a dispersal barrier for terrestrial organisms by fragmenting a single large forest that existed in South America into the present Atlantic and Amazon forests. Here we tested the hypothesis that the expansion of the South American diagonal of open/dry landscapes acted as a vicariant process for forest lanceheads of the genus Bothrops, by analyzing the temporal range dynamics of those snakes. We estimated ancestral geographic ranges of the focal lancehead clade and its sister clade using a Bayesian dated phylogeny and the BioGeoBEARS package. We compared nine Maximum Likelihood models to infer ancestral range probabilities and their related biogeographic processes. The best fitting models (DECTS and DIVALIKETS) recovered the ancestor of our focal clade in the Amazon biogeographic region of northwestern South America. Vicariant processes in two different subclades resulted in disjunct geographic distributions in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. Dispersal processes must have occurred mostly within the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest and not between them. Our results suggest the fragmentation of a single ancient large forest into the Atlantic and Amazon forests acting as a driver of vicariant processes for the snake lineage studied, highlighting the importance of the diagonal of open/dry landscapes in shaping distribution patterns of terrestrial biota in South America.

Flies, endemicity, and the Atlantic Forest: a biogeographical study using topographic units of analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalton S. Amorim ◽  
Charles M. D. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Separate Area ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽  
Ombrophilous Forest

We present a study of the endemicity patterns in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest on the basis of the distribution of 107 fly species belonging to 24 genera of 15 families. This is the first picture of endemism for Diptera in the Atlantic Forest. Instead of the traditional grid of geographical coordinates, we used a system of topographic units (TUs) for the analysis, delimited after gathering information on rivers and altitude for each state and country. A parsimony analysis of the data matrix with the species records for the TUs was performed, named topographic-unit parsimony analysis (TUPA). The same distributional data was used in a NDM/VNDM analysis. The combination of the resulting patterns from both analyses indicated the existence of the following three major areas of endemism for flies in the Atlantic Forest: a Northern Atlantic Forest, north of Rio Doce; a Southern Atlantic Forest, south of Rio Doce along the coast, extending to the west and to the south at the level of the state of Paraná; and a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, west to the ombrophilous forest along the coast. None of these areas seems to be shaped solely by vicariance events. They can possibly be the result of biotic fusion of ancestral areas of endemism as a result of barrier collapse and secondary overlap of sister biotas, a hypothesis yet to be tested. The recognition of a separate area of endemism for flies in the Semideciduous Forest agrees with phytogeographical reconstructions and raises an important alert for the scarcity of biological reserves for this vegetation.

iTUPA: an online automated application to perform Topographic-Unit Parsimony Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (22) ◽  
pp. 4818-4820
Author(s):  
Muhsen Hammoud ◽  
Charles Morphy D Santos ◽  
João Paulo Gois
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Online Application ◽  
Web Framework ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Species Occurrences

Abstract Summary iTUPA is a free online application for automatizing the Topographic-Unit Parsimony Analysis (TUPA), which identifies areas of endemism based on topography. iTUPA generates species-occurrences matrices based on user-defined topographic units (TUs) and provides a parsimony analysis of the generated matrix. We tested iTUPA after a proposal of regionalization for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. iTUPA can handle millions of species registers simultaneously and uses Google Earth high-definition maps to visually explore the endemism data. We believe iTUPA is a useful tool for further discussions on biodiversity conservation. Availability and implementation iTUPA is hosted on Google cloud and freely available at http://nuvem.ufabc.edu.br/itupa. iTUPA is implemented using R (version 3.5.1), with RStudio 1.1.453 used as the implementation IDE, Shiny 1.1.0 web framework, and Google Maps® API version 3.36.

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