scholarly journals Expression of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility and Host Fitness Effects in Field Populations of Sogatella furcifera Infected With Cardinium

2012 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2161-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Fei Zhang ◽  
Dong-Xiao Zhao ◽  
Hao-Sen Li ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects

scholarly journals Environmental and genetic contributions to imperfect wMel-like Wolbachia transmission and frequency variation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T.J. Hague ◽  
Heidi Mavengere ◽  
Daniel R. Matute ◽  
Brandon S. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTMaternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria infect about half of all insect species. They usually show imperfect maternal transmission and often produce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Irrespective of CI, Wolbachia frequencies tend to increase when rare only if they benefit host fitness. Several Wolbachia, including wMel that infects Drosophila melanogaster cause weak or no CI and persist at intermediate frequencies. On the island of São Tomé off West Africa, the frequencies of wMel-like Wolbachia infecting D. yakuba (wYak) and D. santomea (wSan) fluctuate, and the contributions of imperfect maternal transmission, fitness effects, and CI to these fluctuations are unknown. We demonstrate spatial variation in wYak frequency and transmission on São Tomé. Concurrent field estimates of imperfect maternal transmission do not predict spatial variation in wYak frequencies, which are highest at high altitudes where maternal transmission is the most imperfect. Genomic and genetic analyses provide little support for D. yakuba effects on wYak transmission. Instead, rearing at cool temperatures reduces wYak titer and increases imperfect transmission to levels observed on São Tomé. Using mathematical models of Wolbachia frequency dynamics and equilibria, we infer temporally variable imperfect transmission or spatially variable effects on host fitness and reproduction are required to explain wYak frequencies. In contrast, spatially stable wSan frequencies are plausibly explained by imperfect transmission, modest fitness effects, and weak CI. Our results provide insight into causes of wMel-like frequency variation in divergent hosts. Understanding this variation is crucial to explain Wolbachia spread and to improve wMel biocontrol of human disease in transinfected mosquito systems.

scholarly journals Environmental and Genetic Contributions to Imperfect wMel-Like Wolbachia Transmission and Frequency Variation

Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 215 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. J. Hague ◽  
Heidi Mavengere ◽  
Daniel R. Matute ◽  
Brandon S. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Drosophila Yakuba ◽  
Insight Into

Maternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria infect about half of all insect species. They usually show imperfect maternal transmission and often produce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Irrespective of CI, Wolbachia frequencies tend to increase when rare only if they benefit host fitness. Several Wolbachia, including wMel that infects Drosophila melanogaster, cause weak or no CI and persist at intermediate frequencies. On the island of São Tomé off West Africa, the frequencies of wMel-like Wolbachia infecting Drosophila yakuba (wYak) and Drosophila santomea (wSan) fluctuate, and the contributions of imperfect maternal transmission, fitness effects, and CI to these fluctuations are unknown. We demonstrate spatial variation in wYak frequency and transmission on São Tomé. Concurrent field estimates of imperfect maternal transmission do not predict spatial variation in wYak frequencies, which are highest at high altitudes where maternal transmission is the most imperfect. Genomic and genetic analyses provide little support for D. yakuba effects on wYak transmission. Instead, rearing at cool temperatures reduces wYak titer and increases imperfect transmission to levels observed on São Tomé. Using mathematical models of Wolbachia frequency dynamics and equilibria, we infer that temporally variable imperfect transmission or spatially variable effects on host fitness and reproduction are required to explain wYak frequencies. In contrast, spatially stable wSan frequencies are plausibly explained by imperfect transmission, modest fitness effects, and weak CI. Our results provide insight into causes of wMel-like frequency variation in divergent hosts. Understanding this variation is crucial to explain Wolbachia spread and to improve wMel biocontrol of human disease in transinfected mosquito systems.

scholarly journals Stable Establishment of Cardinium spp. in the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens despite Decreased Host Fitness

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong-Pu Li ◽  
Chun-Ying Zhou ◽  
Si-Si Zha ◽  
Jun-Tao Gong ◽  
Zhiyong Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Major Pest

ABSTRACT The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera) is a major pest of rice crops in Asia. Artificial transinfections of Wolbachia have recently been used for reducing host impacts, but transinfections have not yet been undertaken with another important endosymbiont, Cardinium. This endosymbiont can manipulate the reproduction of hosts through phenotypes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which is strong in the related white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera). Here, we stably infected N. lugens with Cardinium from S. furcifera and showed that it exhibits perfect maternal transmission in N. lugens. The density of Cardinium varied across developmental stages and tissues of the transinfected host. Cardinium did not induce strong CI in N. lugens, likely due to its low density in testicles. The infection did decrease fecundity and hatching rate in the transinfected host, but a decrease in fecundity was not apparent when transinfected females mated with Wolbachia-infected males. The experiments show the feasibility of transferring Cardinium endosymbionts across hosts, but the deleterious effects of Cardinium on N. lugens limit its potential to spread in wild populations of N. lugens in the absence of strong CI. IMPORTANCE In this study we established a Cardinium-infected N. lugens line that possessed complete maternal transmission. Cardinium had a widespread distribution in tissues of N. lugens, and this infection decreased the fecundity and hatching rate of the host. Our findings emphasize the feasibility of transinfection of Cardinium in insects, which expands the range of endosymbionts that could be manipulated for pest control.

scholarly journals A de novo approach to inferring within-host fitness effects during untreated HIV-1 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e1008171
Author(s):  
Christopher J. R. Illingworth ◽  
Jayna Raghwani ◽  
David Serwadda ◽  
Nelson K. Sewankambo ◽  
Merlin L. Robb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals A wMel Wolbachia variant in Aedes aegypti from field-collected Drosophila melanogaster with increased phenotypic stability under heat stress

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Gu ◽  
Perran A Ross ◽  
Julio Rodriguez-Andres ◽  
Katie L. Robinson ◽  
Qiong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Host Fitness

Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality across tropical regions. Population replacement strategies involving the wMel strain of Wolbachia are being used widely to control mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti. However, these strategies may be influenced by environmental temperature because wMel is vulnerable to heat stress. wMel infections in their native host Drosophila melanogaster are genetically diverse, but few transinfections of wMel variants have been generated in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Here we successfully transferred a wMel variant (termed wMelM) originating from a field-collected D. melanogaster population from Victoria, Australia into Ae. aegypti. The new wMelM variant (clade I) is genetically distinct from the original wMel transinfection (clade III) generated over ten years ago, and there are no genomic differences between wMelM in its original and transinfected host. We compared wMelM with wMel in its effects on host fitness, temperature tolerance, Wolbachia density, vector competence, cytoplasmic incompatibility and maternal transmission under heat stress in a controlled background. wMelM showed a higher heat tolerance than wMel, with stronger cytoplasmic incompatibility and maternal transmission when eggs were exposed to heat stress, likely due to higher overall densities within the mosquito. Both wMel variants had minimal host fitness costs, complete cytoplasmic incompatibility and maternal transmission, and dengue virus blocking under standard laboratory conditions. Our results highlight phenotypic differences between closely related Wolbachia variants. wMelM shows potential as an alternative strain to wMel in dengue control programs in areas with strong seasonal temperature fluctuations.

scholarly journals Evaluating the within-host fitness effects of mutations fixed during virus adaptation to different ecotypes of a new host

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1675) ◽  
pp. 20140292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hillung ◽  
José M. Cuevas ◽  
Santiago F. Elena
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Gene Model ◽  
New Host ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
Gene For Gene

The existence of genetic variation for resistance in host populations is assumed to be essential to the spread of an emerging virus. Models predict that the rate of spread slows down with the increasing frequency and higher diversity of resistance alleles in the host population. We have been using the experimental pathosystem Arabidopsis thaliana —tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) to explore the interplay between genetic variation in host's susceptibility and virus diversity. We have recently shown that TEV populations evolving in A. thaliana ecotypes that differ in susceptibility to infection gained within-host fitness, virulence and infectivity in a manner compatible with a gene-for-gene model of host–parasite interactions: hard-to-infect ecotypes were infected by generalist viruses, whereas easy-to-infect ecotypes were infected by every virus. We characterized the genomes of the evolved viruses and found cases of host-driven convergent mutations. To gain further insights in the mechanistic basis of this gene-for-gene model, we have generated all viral mutations individually as well as in specific combinations and tested their within-host fitness effects across ecotypes. Most of these mutations were deleterious or neutral in their local ecotype and only a very reduced number had a host-specific beneficial effect. We conclude that most of the mutations fixed during the evolution experiment were so by drift or by selective sweeps along with the selected driver mutation. In addition, we evaluated the ruggedness of the underlying adaptive fitness landscape and found that mutational effects were mostly multiplicative, with few cases of significant epistasis.

scholarly journals Insect-Microbe Mutualism without Vertical Transmission: a Stinkbug Acquires a Beneficial Gut Symbiont from the Environment Every Generation

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (13) ◽  
pp. 4308-4316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitomo Kikuchi ◽  
Takahiro Hosokawa ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Transmission Mode ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Insect Midgut ◽  
Riptortus Clavatus ◽  
Host Insect ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Posterior Midgut

ABSTRACT The broad-headed bug Riptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae) possesses a number of crypts at a posterior midgut region, which house a dense population of a bacterial symbiont belonging to the genus Burkholderia. Although the symbiont is highly prevalent (95 to 100%) in the host populations, the symbiont phylogeny did not reflect the host systematics at all. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the promiscuous host-symbiont relationship despite the specific and prevalent association, we investigated the transmission mode and the fitness effects of the Burkholderia symbiont in R. clavatus. Inspection of eggs and a series of rearing experiments revealed that the symbiont is not vertically transmitted but is environmentally acquired by nymphal insects. The Burkholderia symbiont was present in the soil of the insect habitat, and a culture strain of the symbiont was successfully isolated from the insect midgut. Rearing experiments by using sterilized soybean bottles demonstrated that the cultured symbiont is able to establish a normal and efficient infection in the host insect, and the symbiont infection significantly improves the host fitness. These results indicated that R. clavatus postnatally acquires symbiont of a beneficial nature from the environment every generation, uncovering a previously unknown pathway through which a highly specific insect-microbe association is maintained. We suggest that the stinkbug-Burkholderia relationship may be regarded as an insect analogue of the well-known symbioses between plants and soil-associated microbes, such as legume-Rhizobium and alder-Frankia relationships, and we discuss the evolutionary relevance of the mutualistic but promiscuous insect-microbe association.

scholarly journals Wolbachia Transfer from Rhagoletis cerasi to Drosophila simulans: Investigating the Outcomes of Host-Symbiont Coevolution

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Riegler ◽  
Sylvain Charlat ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
Hervé Merçot
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
New Host ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

ABSTRACT Wolbachia is an endosymbiont of diverse arthropod lineages that can induce various alterations of host reproduction for its own benefice. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common phenomenon, which results in embryonic lethality when males that bear Wolbachia are mated with females that do not. In the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, Wolbachia seems to be responsible for previously reported patterns of incompatibility between populations. Here we report on the artificial transfer of two Wolbachia variants (wCer1 and wCer2) from R. cerasi into Drosophila simulans, which was performed with two major goals in mind: first, to isolate wCer1 from wCer2 in order to individually test their respective abilities to induce CI in the new host; and, second, to test the theoretical prediction that recent Wolbachia-host associations should be characterized by high levels of CI, fitness costs to the new host, and inefficient transmission from mothers to offspring. wCer1 was unable to develop in the new host, resulting in its rapid loss after successful injection, while wCer2 was established in the new host. Transmission rates of wCer2 were low, and the infection showed negative fitness effects, consistent with our prediction, but CI levels were unexpectedly lower in the new host. Based on these parameter estimates, neither wCer1 nor wCer2 could be naturally maintained in D. simulans. The experiment thus suggests that natural Wolbachia transfer between species might be restricted by many factors, should the ecological barriers be bypassed.

Physiological cost induced by the maternally-transmitted endosymbiont Wolbachia in the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. FLEURY ◽  
F. VAVRE ◽  
N. RIS ◽  
P. FOUILLET ◽  
M. BOULÉTREAU
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Leptopilina Heterotoma ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
The Status

Endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia infect a number of invertebrate species in which they induce various alterations in host reproduction, mainly cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In contrast to most other maternally transmitted parasites, manipulation of host reproduction makes the spread of Wolbachia possible even if they induce a physiological cost on their hosts. Current studies have shown that fitness consequences of Wolbachia infection could range from positive (mutualist) to negative (parasitic) but, in most cases, Wolbachia do not have strong deleterious effects on host fitness and the status of association remains unclear. Here, we show that in the Drosophila parasitoid wasp Leptopilina heterotoma, Wolbachia infection has a negative impact on several host fitness traits of both sexes. Fecundity, adult survival and locomotor performance are significantly reduced, whereas circadian rhythm, development time and offspring sex-ratio are not affected. Although the cost of bacterial infection can be overcome by effects on host reproduction i.e. cytoplasmic incompatibility, it could influence the spread of the bacterium at the early stages of the invasion process. Clearly, results underline the wide spectrum of phenotypic effects of Wolbachia infection and, to our knowledge, Wolbachia infection of L. heterotoma appears to be one of the most virulent that has ever been observed in insects.

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