Constraints, independence, and evolution of thermal plasticity: Probing genetic architecture of long and short-term thermal plasticity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Thermal Plasticity

scholarly journals Constraints, independence, and evolution of thermal plasticity: Probing genetic architecture of long- and short-term thermal acclimation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (14) ◽  
pp. 4399-4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison R. Gerken ◽  
Olivia C. Eller ◽  
Daniel A. Hahn ◽  
Theodore J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Basal Thermotolerance

Seasonal and daily thermal variation can limit species distributions because of physiological tolerances. Low temperatures are particularly challenging for ectotherms, which use both basal thermotolerance and acclimation, an adaptive plastic response, to mitigate thermal stress. Both basal thermotolerance and acclimation are thought to be important for local adaptation and persistence in the face of climate change. However, the evolutionary independence of basal and plastic tolerances remains unclear. Acclimation can occur over longer (seasonal) or shorter (hours to days) time scales, and the degree of mechanistic overlap is unresolved. Using a midlatitude population ofDrosophila melanogaster, we show substantial heritable variation in both short- and long-term acclimation. Rapid cold hardening (short-term plasticity) and developmental acclimation (long-term plasticity) are positively correlated, suggesting shared mechanisms. However, there are independent components of these traits, because developmentally acclimated flies respond positively to short-term acclimation. A strong negative correlation between basal cold tolerance and developmental acclimation suggests that basal cold tolerance may constrain developmental acclimation, whereas a weaker negative correlation between basal cold tolerance and short-term acclimation suggests less constraint. Using genome-wide association mapping, we show the genetic architecture of rapid cold hardening and developmental acclimation responses are nonoverlapping at the SNP and corresponding gene level. However, genes associated with each trait share functional similarities, including genes involved in apoptosis and autophagy, cytoskeletal and membrane structural components, and ion binding and transport. These results indicate substantial opportunity for short-term and long-term acclimation responses to evolve separately from each other and for short-term acclimation to evolve separately from basal thermotolerance.

scholarly journals DNA methyltransferase 3a mediates developmental thermal plasticity

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Loughland ◽  
Alexander Little ◽  
Frank Seebacher
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase 3A

Abstract Background Thermal plasticity is pivotal for evolution in changing climates and in mediating resilience to its potentially negative effects. The efficacy to respond to environmental change depends on underlying mechanisms. DNA methylation induced by DNA methyltransferase 3 enzymes in the germline or during early embryonic development may be correlated with responses to environmental change. This developmental plasticity can interact with reversible acclimation within adult organisms, which would increase the speed of response and could alleviate potential mismatches between parental or early embryonic environments and those experienced at later life stages. Our aim was to determine whether there is a causative relationship between DNMT3 enzyme and developmental thermal plasticity and whether either or both interact with short-term acclimation to alter fitness and thermal responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Results We developed a novel DNMT3a knock-out model to show that sequential knock-out of DNA methyltransferase 3a isoforms (DNMT3aa−/− and DNMT3aa−/−ab−/−) additively decreased survival and increased deformities when cold developmental temperatures in zebrafish offspring mismatched warm temperatures experienced by parents. Interestingly, short-term cold acclimation of parents before breeding rescued DNMT3a knock-out offspring by restoring survival at cold temperatures. DNMT3a knock-out genotype interacted with developmental temperatures to modify thermal performance curves in offspring, where at least one DNMT3a isoform was necessary to buffer locomotion from increasing temperatures. The thermal sensitivity of citrate synthase activity, an indicator of mitochondrial density, was less severely affected by DNMT3a knock-out, but there was nonetheless a significant interaction between genotype and developmental temperatures. Conclusions Our results show that DNMT3a regulates developmental thermal plasticity and that the phenotypic effects of different DNMT3a isoforms are additive. However, DNMT3a interacts with other mechanisms, such as histone (de)acetylation, induced during short-term acclimation to buffer phenotypes from environmental change. Interactions between these mechanisms make phenotypic compensation for climate change more efficient and make it less likely that thermal plasticity incurs a cost resulting from environmental mismatches.

scholarly journals Short-Term Memory Deficits in the SLEEP Inbred Panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Kumar ◽  
Kirklin R. Smith ◽  
Yazmin L. Serrano Negron ◽  
Susan T. Harbison
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Although sleep is heritable and conserved across species, sleep duration varies from individual to individual. A shared genetic architecture between sleep duration and other evolutionarily important traits could explain this variability. Learning and memory are critical traits sharing a genetic architecture with sleep. We wanted to know whether learning and memory would be altered in extreme long or short sleepers. We therefore assessed the short-term learning and memory ability of flies from the Sleep Inbred Panel (SIP), a collection of 39 extreme long- and short-sleeping inbred lines of Drosophila. Neither long nor short sleepers had appreciable learning, in contrast to a moderate-sleeping control. We also examined the response of long and short sleepers to enriched social conditions, a paradigm previously shown to induce morphological changes in the brain. While moderate-sleeping control flies had increased daytime sleep and quantifiable increases in brain structures under enriched social conditions, flies of the Sleep Inbred Panel did not display these changes. The SIP thus emerges as an important model for the relationship between sleep and learning and memory.

scholarly journals Divergent phenotypic plasticity of a convergent Mendelian trait in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascaline Francelle ◽  
Jean R David ◽  
Amir Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Melanin Synthesis ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Phenotypic Convergence

In Drosophila, comparisons of the thermal plasticity of pigmentation across serially homologous abdominal segments have been conducted in two species, namely Drosophila melanogaster and D. kikkawai. Pigmentation variation has different genetic architecture in the two species, being oligogenic in the former and monogenic in the later. Here, we analyze the thermal plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in a third species, D. erecta, which is phylogenetically close to D. melanogaster but like D. kikkawai has a monogenic basis for pigmentation variation. However, the underlying locus differs between D. erecta and D. kikkawai, being the X-linked melanin-synthesis gene tan in the former and the autosomal transcription factor pdm3 in the later. We found that in spite of a low overall plasticity in monogenic species compared to D. melanogaster, the two monogenic species showed divergent plasticity patterns in respect to the response to temperature and to the degree of dominance in heterozygotes. Those results provide new insights on the dependence of the degree of plasticity on the genetic architecture as well as on the extent of phenotypic convergence.

scholarly journals Rapid induction of the heat hardening response in an Arctic insect

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 20190613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Hamann Sørensen ◽  
Torsten Nygaard Kristensen ◽  
Jannik Mørk Skovgaard Lauritzen ◽  
Natasja Krog Noer ◽  
Toke Thomas Høye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Heat Hardening ◽  
Increase Heat Resistance

The ability to cope with increasing and more variable temperatures, due to predicted climate changes, through plastic and/or evolutionary responses will be crucial for the persistence of Arctic species. Here, we investigate plasticity of heat tolerance of the Greenlandic seed bug Nysius groenlandicus, which inhabits areas with widely fluctuating temperatures. We test the heat tolerance and hardening capacity (plasticity) of N. groenlandicus using both static (heat knock down time, HKDT) and dynamic (critical thermal maximum, CT max ) assays. We find that N. groenlandicus is able to tolerate short-term exposure to temperatures up to almost 50°C and that it can quickly increase heat resistance following heat hardening. Furthermore, we find that this hardening response is reversible within hours after hardening. These findings contrast with common observations from temperate and tropical insects and suggest high thermal plasticity in some Arctic insects which enables them to cope with extreme temperature variability in their habitats.

scholarly journals A multi-omics study links TNS3 and SEPT7 to long-term former smoking NSCLC survival

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sipeng Shen ◽  
Yongyue Wei ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Weiwei Duan ◽  
Xuesi Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Function Prediction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Omics Analysis ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Nsclc Patients

AbstractThe genetic architecture of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is relevant to smoking status. However, the genetic contribution of long-term smoking cessation to the prognosis of NSCLC patients remains largely unknown. We conducted a genome-wide association study primarily on the prognosis of 1299 NSCLC patients of long-term former smokers from independent discovery (n = 566) and validation (n = 733) sets, and used in-silico function prediction and multi-omics analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on prognostics with NSCLC. We further detected SNPs with at least moderate association strength on survival within each group of never, short-term former, long-term former, and current smokers, and compared their genetic similarity at the SNP, gene, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), enhancer, and pathway levels. We identified two SNPs, rs34211819TNS3 at 7p12.3 (P = 3.90 × 10−9) and rs1143149SEPT7 at 7p14.2 (P = 9.75 × 10−9), were significantly associated with survival of NSCLC patients who were long-term former smokers. Both SNPs had significant interaction effects with years of smoking cessation (rs34211819TNS3: Pinteraction = 8.0 × 10−4; rs1143149SEPT7: Pinteraction = 0.003). In addition, in silico function prediction and multi-omics analysis provided evidence that these QTLs were associated with survival. Moreover, comparison analysis found higher genetic similarity between long-term former smokers and never-smokers, compared to short-term former smokers or current smokers. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated a unique pattern among long-term former smokers that was related to immune pathways. This study provides important insights into the genetic architecture associated with long-term former smoking NSCLC.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural Changes of Canine Kidneys During 24-Hour Perfusion on a LI-400 Preservation System

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
M. O. Magnusson ◽  
D. G. Osborne ◽  
T. Shimoji ◽  
W. S. Kiser ◽  
W. A. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Midline Incision ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
Pulsatile Perfusion

Short term experimental and clinical preservation of kidneys is presently best accomplished by hypothermic continuous pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated and millipore filtered plasma. This study was undertaken to observe ultrastructural changes occurring during 24-hour preservation using the above mentioned method.A kidney was removed through a midline incision from healthy mongrel dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia. The kidneys were flushed immediately after removal with chilled electrolyte solution and placed on a LI-400 preservation system and perfused at 8-10°C. Serial kidney biopsies were obtained at 0-½-1-2-4-8-16 and 24 hours of preservation. All biopsies were prepared for electron microscopy. At the end of the preservation period the kidneys were autografted.

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