Vernalization responses of field grown jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), winter wheat, and spring wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Fandrich ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Developmental Responses

Numerous studies have quantified the developmental responses of wheat to vernalization, but its response compared to a weedy relative, jointed goatgrass, remains relatively unknown. Six paired jointed goatgrass collections gathered from Washington and Oregon fields, and winter and spring wheat, were grown in field studies to quantify yield and germination in response to vernalization. Monthly planting dates initiated in October and concluded in March were used to vary the vernalization durations for plants sown at three Oregon locations (Corvallis, Moro, and Pendleton) over two growing seasons. Minimum vernalization requirements to produce reproductive spikes were similar among plants of six jointed goatgrass collections. Jointed goatgrass collections grown at Corvallis required a minimum of 89 and 78 vernalization days (January 17, 2003 and January 22, 2004 sowing, respectively) to produce reproductive spikes, and plants grown at Moro required 60 vernalization days (March 3 and February 23) in both years, and 48 and 44 vernalization days (March 3 and February 24) were required by plants to produce spikes at Pendleton. Jointed goatgrass spikelet and winter wheat seed yield were positively influenced by vernalization days, experiment location, and year. The strength of the interactions among these main effects differed among jointed goatgrass collections and winter wheat. The effects of vernalization on jointed goatgrass yields and seed quality were more pronounced at Pendleton, OR, a location where jointed goatgrass has adapted, compared to Corvallis, OR, where it has not adapted. The minimum vernalization days required to produce germinable seed differed among jointed goatgrass collections, winter and spring wheat. There was not a selection of spring-adapted jointed goatgrass populations in the populations tested. Yet if spring temperatures are cool, minimum conditions for vernalization may be satisfied, and the benefits of planting spring crops to control jointed goatgrass would be reduced.

Vernalization Responses of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), Wheat, and Wheat by Jointed Goatgrass Hybrid Plants

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Fandrich ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith ◽  
Robert S. Zemetra ◽  
Jennifer L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Synchronous Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reproductive Phases

To assess the risk of gene movement between winter wheat and jointed goatgrass, information about the reproductive development of jointed goatgrass, winter wheat, and related hybrid plants is required. Seedlings from five jointed goatgrass populations, winter wheat, spring wheat, and jointed goatgrass by wheat reciprocal hybrid plants were exposed to 4, 7, or 10 C temperatures for 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, or 8 wk. Vernalized seedlings were transferred to a greenhouse set to 30/18 C day/night temperatures and 16-h photoperiod. Growth stages on all plants were recorded twice a week. All spring wheat and spring wheat related hybrid plants reproduced (as measured by the first reproductive node) in the absence of vernalization. Plants of jointed goatgrass population A-R, winter wheat, and winter wheat related hybrids were unlikely to reproduce in the absence of vernalization. Plants of jointed goatgrass populations B-W, G-S, E-S, and F-W reproduced in the absence of vernalization, and the likelihood that these plants would reproduce was different from all other plants. Plants that entered their reproductive phases together were not in synchronous development at anthesis. Plants in these studies differentially passed through the reproductive phases between the first reproductive node and anthesis. Our results demonstrate that variation in vernalization response exists among several jointed goatgrass populations, and reveal that the reproductive behavior of vernalized jointed goatgrass plants at anthesis is delayed compared to vernalized winter wheat and related hybrid plants. Hybrid plants produced between spring wheat and jointed goatgrass were vernalization insensitive. We hypothesize that hybridization between wheat and jointed goatgrass occurs as a result of cross-pollination between the younger reproductive tillers of jointed goatgrass and older reproductive tillers of wheat. The use of an early maturing wheat cultivar may exploit the difference in reproductive development and reduce the risk of hybrid production.

Characterizing traits that enhance the competitiveness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) against jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
Steven S. Seefeldt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Grass Weed

Our objective was to identify traits in winter wheat important to competitiveness against jointed goatgrass, measured as increased wheat yields and reduced jointed goatgrass seed production. Jointed goatgrass is an important winter annual grass weed that cannot be controlled selectively in winter wheat. Seven cultivars of soft white winter wheat were grown with and without competition from jointed goatgrass over two growing seasons. Measurements of numerous traits of winter wheat and jointed goatgrass were recorded throughout each growing season. The data were analyzed using path analysis with latent variables to determine which traits most enhanced competitiveness. In a drier year, increased rate of height development was important in maintaining wheat yields when wheat was growing in competition with jointed goatgrass. Increased rate of height development also was an important trait in reducing jointed goatgrass seed production. In a wet year compared to a dry year, the number of wheat heads per plant, the rate of water use, and weight gain were positively correlated to maintaining winter wheat yields. Jointed goatgrass seed production in the wet year was reduced overall compared to the dry year, but from the cultivars tested, there were no traits identified that were critical in enhancing this loss of seed production. This study suggests that cultivars with greater height development rates will be more competitive when growing in fields infested with jointed goatgrass.

Cropping Systems to Control Winter Annual Grasses in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Daugovish ◽  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
David D. Baltensperger
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Feral Rye

Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1997 to evaluate the long-term effect of 2- and 3-yr rotations on the control of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye in winter wheat. At the completion of the study, jointed goatgrass and feral rye densities averaged 8 plants/m2and < 0.1 plant/m2for the 2- and 3-yr rotations, respectively. Downy brome densities averaged < 0.5 plant/m2for both the 2- and 3-yr rotations, with no treatment differences observed. Winter annual grasses were not eradicated after two cycles of the 3-yr rotations, but weed densities were reduced 10-fold compared to densities after one cycle and more than 100-fold compared with the 2-yr rotations. Wheat grain contamination with dockage and foreign material followed a similar trend. The 3-yr rotations were economically competitive with 2-yr rotations and provided superior control of the winter annual grass weeds.

Fertilizer Placement Affects Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Competition In Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel O. Mesbah ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Placement Method ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Injection Methods

A 3-yr study was conducted in eastern Wyoming from 1995 to 1997 to evaluate the effect of fertilizer placement on jointed goatgrass competitiveness with winter wheat. Fertilizer placement methods consisted of applying 45 kg/ha of nitrogen (50% as urea and 50% as ammonium nitrate) in a deep band 5 cm below and 2.5 cm to the side of the wheat row, broadcasting on the soil surface, or injecting fertilizer by spoke wheel 10 cm deep and 5 cm to the side of the wheat row. Neither fertilizer placement nor jointed goatgrass presence affected winter wheat stand. Wheat yield reductions from jointed goatgrass competition were 7 and 10% higher with the broadcast than deep-band or spoke-wheel injection methods, respectively. Wheat spikes/plant, seeds/spike, 200-seed weight, and plant height were not influenced by fertilizer placement; however, the presence of 35 jointed goatgrass plants/m2reduced spikes/plant 21%, seeds/spike 12%, and 200-seed weight 6%. Jointed goatgrass populations were not influenced by fertilizer placement method; however, the number of spikes/plant was reduced 8 and 10%, joints/spike 3%, and biomass 15 and 21% by deep band or spoke wheel fertilizer placement.

Characterizing jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) × winter wheat hybrids in Oklahoma

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E. Stone ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

Vernalization Requirements for Flowering of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Growing Conditions

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host. ♯3 AEGCY) has a quantitative requirement for vernalization in order to flower. In greenhouse and field studies, increasing periods of vernalization progressively reduced the number of days needed for plants to mature following transfer from the cold treatment to favorable growing conditions. Plants that had been vernalized at 3 ± 2 C for 8 weeks as imbibed seed took 120 days to flower following transfer to the greenhouse. Unvernalized controls flowered 197 to 222 days after planting in the greenhouse. Lengthening periods of vernalization from 2 to 8 weeks increased the number of seedheads per plant and dry weight per seedhead. Vernalized plants partitioned more dry matter into seedheads than unvernalized controls. The ratio of seedhead dry weight to vegetative shoot dry weight increased with duration of vernalization, even though vernalization did not alter total shoot dry-matter production. In field studies, plants that were established in the fall flowered sooner and more synchronously after resumption of growth in the spring than those that were planted in the spring and flowered in the summer. Plants seeded after May failed to flower in the same summer.

Impact of integrated management systems on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) populations

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. White ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Francis E. Northam
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Research during the past several decades on jointed goatgrass management has focused on individual cultural practices rather than on multi- or interdisciplinary components. Field studies were conducted at Hays, KS, from 1997 to 2003 to evaluate the interaction of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and winter wheat variety on jointed goatgrass density. Extending a wheat–fallow (W–F) rotation to include grain sorghum or grain sorghum and sunflower reduced jointed goatgrass populations more than other cultural practices tested. Fallow treatments were equal in most years, but mechanical fallow resulted in increased jointed goatgrass emergence compared with chemical fallow under drought conditions. Winter wheat cultivars had little effect on jointed goatgrass populations. However, taller, more competitive varieties are favorable for jointed goatgrass control in an integrated management program. No specific combination of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and wheat variety consistently reduced jointed goatgrass density more than other combinations during multiple years.

Effect of Temperature on Root Absorption of Metribuzin and its Ethylthio Analog by Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Buman ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Alex G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Root Absorption

Root absorption of subtoxic levels of metribuzin and its ethylthio analog (ethyl-metribuzin) by downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and winter wheat increased by a factor of three to five times as temperature increased from 10 to 20 C. Absorption of ethyl-metribuzin per gram dry weight was similar for all three species. Absorption and distribution of ethyl-metribuzin, but not metribuzin, were similar per gram dry weight in downy brome and jointed goatgrass. Absorption of metribuzin per gram dry weight was lower for winter wheat than for the other two species at 20 C. In general, the ratio of absorbed ethyl-metribuzin detected in shoots to that in roots was less in winter wheat and jointed goatgrass than in downy brome. The absorption by roots of14C-herbicides relative to water was similar for winter wheat and jointed goatgrass. Absorption of both14C-herbicides by winter wheat and jointed goatgrass was nonpreferential with respect to water absorption at 10 and 15 C. However, at 20 C14C-herbicide absorption was reduced 5 to 30% with respect to water absorption. Downy brome absorption of14C-herbicides with respect to water was 30 to 50% less than that of the other two species.

Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Ecology and Interference in Winter Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Soil Water Extraction

Jointed goatgrass is a serious weed in winter wheat, and presently no herbicides are available for its selective control. This study examined the effect of time of emergence and removal on jointed goatgrass interference in winter wheat, as well as its rate of development and soil water extraction. The goal of this study was to suggest cultural practices that minimize jointed goatgrass interference in winter wheat. Jointed goatgrass development was identical to ‘Vona’ winter wheat in two crop seasons, even though precipitation differed drastically between seasons. Depth of soil water extraction of both species was also similar. Jointed goatgrass at 18 plants m−2reduced grain yield 27 and 17% when emerging 0 and 42 d after Vona, respectively. The relationship between time of jointed goatgrass emergence after winter wheat and grain yield loss was Y = 30.6–0.29X (X = days, r = 0.72), indicating that plants emerging in late fall still caused yield loss. Removing jointed goatgrass by early March prevented winter wheat grain yield loss. The interference data suggests that producers assess infestation levels and plan control measures in early March.

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