Cured Dairy Compost Influence on Weed Competition and on ‘Snowden' Potato Yield

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Lindsey ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tuber Specific Gravity

Potatoes are an important global food crop typically produced in high-input systems in temperate zones. Growers that have access to compost may use it to improve soil health and increase tuber yields, but compost may also increase weed competition by increasing early-season water availability and weed growth. A field study at the Michigan State University Montcalm Research farm in 2010 and 2011 investigated the impact of compost on weed competition in potato. Potatoes were grown in field plots with 0, 4,000, or 8,000 kg carbon (C) ha−1of compost under weed-free conditions, and in competition with common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, and hairy nightshade. Compost did not increase biomass or seed production of any weed species. Giant foxtail and hairy nightshade at 5.3 plants per meter of row reduced potato yield by 20%; common lambsquarters reduced yield by 45%. The yield reduction by giant foxtail and hairy nightshade was due to a decrease in tuber bulking, whereas yield reductions from common lambsquarters were a result of lower tuber set and bulking. Potato yield increased 5 to 15% in compost compared to non-compost treatments; tuber specific gravity decreased by 0.3% in composted treatments. Across weed densities, elevated soil potassium levels in the 8,000 kg C ha−1composted treatment may have increased potato yield and decreased tuber specific gravity.

Effect of Weed Removal Timing and Row Spacing on Soil Moisture in Corn (Zea mays)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb D. Dalley ◽  
Mark L. Bernards ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Glyphosate-resistant corn was grown in 38- and 76-cm row spacings at two locations in 2001 to examine the effect of weed competition and row spacing on soil moisture. Volumetric soil moisture was measured to a depth of 0.9 m in 18-cm increments. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy heights reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. Season-long weed interference reduced soil moisture compared with the weed free controls. At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early August and at the 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the season. At East Lansing, MI, where giant foxtail was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 18- to 36-, 36- to 54-, and 54- to 72-cm soil depths from mid-June to the end of the season. Season-long weed competition reduced yields more than 90% at each location. Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations. Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in height reduced corn yield at both locations and soil moisture at East Lansing. Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to the weed-free corn, even though soil moisture was less during pollination and grain fill. Row spacing did not affect grain yield but did affect soil moisture. Soil moisture was greater in the 76-cm row spacing, suggesting that corn in the 38-cm row spacing may have been able to access soil moisture more effectively.

Effects of Water on Recovery of Weed Seedlings Following Burial

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Mohler ◽  
Javaid Iqbal ◽  
Jianying Shen ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Organic Weed Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Recovery of common agricultural weeds after burial by soil was studied in four greenhouse and three field experiments. Species studied included velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, and giant foxtail. Seedlings were bent over before burial to simulate the effect of the impact of soil thrown by a cultivator. Altogether, more than 35,000 seedlings were marked and observed for recovery. No seedlings recovered from 4 cm of burial. Recovery from complete burial under 2 cm of soil ranged from 0 to 24% depending on the experiment, species, and watering treatment, but recovery greater than 5% was rare. Large-seeded species tended to recover from complete burial under 2 cm of soil better than small-seeded species. The study did not reveal a difference in recovery of grasses relative to broadleaf weeds. Overall, seedlings tended to recover best when water was applied daily after burial, worst when water was applied once on the day of burial, and to an intermediate extent when no water was applied. However, difference in recovery between the no-water and watering-once treatments were usually small. Also, many experiment by species combinations showed no significant differences among watering treatments. When even a small portion of the seedling was left exposed, recovery generally exceeded 50%. Organic weed management systems commonly use burial of weed seedlings with tine weeders and soil thrown by sweeps and hilling disks to control weeds in crop rows. Recovery from burial could pose a substantial weed management problem in some circumstances, particularly for large-seeded weed species. Maximizing burial depth is important for limiting recovery. Recovery from burial can be minimized by withholding irrigation for several days after hilling-up operations.

The Effect of Piperonyl Butoxide and Adjuvants on Sulfonylurea Herbicide Activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae Soon Kwon ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Grass Weed

Greenhouse studies showed that the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), tank-mixed with the sulfonylurea herbicides, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and thifensulfuron, in the absence of effective adjuvants enhanced herbicide activity on both broadleaf and grass weed species. Effective adjuvants for nicosulfuron were K-3000 for common lambsquarters, Sylgard® 309 Surfactant for velvetleaf, K-2000 for barnyardgrass, and K-2000, K-3000, and Scoil® methylated seed oil for giant foxtail control. K-3000 and Sylgard 309 enhanced velvetleaf control with primisulfuron and thifensulfuron. The 28% urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) was more effective as an adjuvant with thifensulfuron for velvetleaf than for common lambsquarters control. The enhancement of sulfonylurea herbicide activity with PBO was most apparent when other adjuvants were least effective.

Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States and Their Impact on Extension

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Scott ◽  
Mark J. Vangessel ◽  
Susan White-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extension Education ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Impact

Herbicide-resistant weeds have impacted crop production throughout the United States, but the effect they have on extension programming has not been evaluated. In June 2007, 38 extension weed specialists throughout the United States, responded to a survey on herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and the impact they are having on extension education programming. Survey results revealed that HR weeds have had a significant impact on extension programming particularly for agronomic crops. In the last 10 yr, agronomic weed specialists' extension programming was almost twice as likely to be impacted by the presence of HR weeds as compared to horticultural programming. In the next 5 yr, agronomic extension programming is twice as likely to be altered. Of 37 weed species reported, seven genera or species of weeds represented 80% of the major HR biotypes reported. These include Amaranthus species, horseweed, Setaria species, common lambsquarters, kochia, giant ragweed, and Lolium species. Five weed species (common ragweed, common lambsquarters, horseweed, kochia, and three foxtail species) exhibited weed by mode of action (MOA) interactions when evaluated as major or minor problems. Herbicide resistance problem severity differed for weed species, herbicide MOA, and crops. The results of this survey of university extension personnel confirm that HR weeds have impacted extension programming and will continue to impact programming in the future.

Absorption and translocation of glufosinate on four weed species

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Steckel ◽  
Stephen E. Hart ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Phloem Mobility

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate foliar absorption, translocation, and efficacy of glufosinate on four weed species. The rate of glufosinate required to reduce shoot dry weight by 50% (GR50) varied between weed species. GR50values for giant foxtail, barnyardgrass, velvetleaf, and common lambsquarters were 69, 186, 199, and 235 g ai ha−1, respectively. Absorption of14C-glufosinate increased with time and reached a plateau 24 hours after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was 67, 53, 42, and 16% for giant foxtail, barnyardgrass, velvetleaf, and common lambsquarters, respectively. Translocation of absorbed14C-glufosinate from the treated leaf was greatest for giant foxtail and barnyardgrass (15 and 14% 24 HAT of absorbed14C-glufosinate, respectively). This compared to 5 and < 1% for translocation of absorbed14C-glufosinate from the treated leaves of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters. The majority of14C-glufosinate translocated by giant foxtail and barnyardgrass was found below the treated leaf and in the roots, indicating phloem mobility of the herbicide. Differential absorption and translocation of14C-glufosinate may be contributing factors to the differential sensitivity observed between weed species.

Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Myers ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Dennis D. Calvin ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Verification ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A 2-yr experiment assessed the potential for using soil degree days (DD) to predict cumulative weed emergence. Emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in undisturbed plots. Soil DD were calculated at each location using a base temperature of 9 C. Weed emergence was fit with logistic regression for common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade. Coefficients of determination for the logistic models fit to the field data ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 for the eight weed species. Common ragweed and common lambsquarters were among the earliest species to emerge, reaching 10% emergence before 150 DD. Velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail were next, completing 10% emergence by 180 DD. The last weeds to emerge were large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade, which emerged after 280 DD. The developed models were verified by predicting cumulative weed emergence in adjacent plots. The coefficients of determination for the model verification plots ranged from 0.66 to 0.99 and averaged 0.90 across all eight weed species. These results suggest that soil DD are good predictors for weed emergence. Forecasting weed emergence will help growers make better crop and weed management decisions.

Response of Annual Weed Species to Glufosinate and Glyphosate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The recent introduction of glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant crops provides growers with new options for weed management. Information is needed to compare the effectiveness of glufosinate and glyphosate on annual weeds. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) to glufosinate and glyphosate. The response of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters was investigated at multiple stages of growth. Glufosinate and glyphosate were applied to each weed species at logarithmically incremented rates. The glufosinate and glyphosate rates that provided a 50% reduction in aboveground weed biomass, commonly referred to as GR50values, were compared using nonlinear regression techniques. Barnyardgrass, common ragweed, fall panicum, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass responded similarly to glufosinate and glyphosate. Common lambsquarters 4 to 8 cm in height was more sensitive to glufosinate than glyphosate. In contrast, 15- to 20-cm tall-velvetleaf was more sensitive to glyphosate than glufosinate.

Effects of Weed Species on Northern Hardwood Regeneration in New Hampshire

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Leak
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Regeneration stocking of northern hardwoods following cutting is difficult to assess because of limited information on the impact of dominating weed species. Measurements on more than 1,500 milacres were taken 8 years after cutting by commercial clearcutting, diameter limit, moderate and light selection. Milacres dominated by striped maple or hobblebush were respectively, ¼ to ⅓ or ¼ to ⅔ nonstocked with established commercial species. Milacres dominated by pin cherry showed no reduction in stocking of commercial tree species when compared to milacres without dominating weeds. Among individual commercial species, sugar maple and white ash showed the least response to dominating weed competition. The results provide preliminary guidelines on evaluating weed competition during regeneration surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 5:235-237, December 1988.

Parameterization of the Phenological Development of Select Annual Weeds Under Noncropped Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Competition Models ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard are among the most common weeds in cropping systems throughout North America. Crop and weed competition models that predict phenological development across environments are useful research tools for advancing our knowledge of population dynamics or crop and weed competition. Phenological parameter estimates for such models require verification under field conditions. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine growth and phenological development of these species under noncropped conditions to compare parameters developed previously from controlled environment studies. Weeds were planted on three separate planting dates in each year. Growth and phenological development were recorded. Number of leaves on the mainstem of all weed species, except common lambsquarters, was not affected by planting dates. Rate of leaf appearance described as a function of days after emergence ranged from 0.48 to 0.89, 0.10 to 0.31, 0.33 to 0.65, and 0.24 to 0.29 leaves d−1 for common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard, respectively. When expressed as a function of growing degree days (GDD), rate of leaf appearance for these species ranged from 0.04 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.04 to 0.07, and 0.02 to 0.03 leaves GDD−1, respectively. Planting date had differential effects on the rate of stem elongation and final plant height of each species in the 2 yr. Final plant biomass was also influenced by the time of planting; in general, weeds planted by mid-May had more biomass than those planted later. Parameters developed to describe phenological development under field conditions were comparable to those reported previously from controlled environment studies. We conclude that phenological parameters quantified under controlled environmental studies were comparable to those developed under field conditions for these weed species. Thus, either experimental method can be used to parameterize weed phenological development to initialize crop and weed competition models with reasonable confidence.

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